At the heart of Vert.x is a set of Java APIs that we call Vert.x Core
Vert.x core provides functionality for things like:
Writing TCP clients and servers
Writing HTTP clients and servers including support for WebSockets
The Event bus
Shared data - local maps and clustered distributed maps
Periodic and delayed actions
Deploying and undeploying Verticles
Datagram Sockets
DNS client
File system access
High availability
Native transports
Clustering
The functionality in core is fairly low level - you won’t find stuff like database access, authorisation or high level web functionality here - that kind of stuff you’ll find in Vert.x ext (extensions).
Vert.x core is small and lightweight. You just use the parts you want. It’s also entirely embeddable in your existing applications - we don’t force you to structure your applications in a special way just so you can use Vert.x.
You can use core from any of the other languages that Vert.x supports. But here’a a cool bit - we don’t force you to use the Java API directly from, say, JavaScript or Ruby - after all, different languages have different conventions and idioms, and it would be odd to force Java idioms on Ruby developers (for example). Instead, we automatically generate an idiomatic equivalent of the core Java APIs for each language.
From now on we’ll just use the word core to refer to Vert.x core.
If you are using Maven or Gradle, add the following dependency to the dependencies section of your project descriptor to access the Vert.x Core API and enable the JavaScript support:
Maven (in your pom.xml):
<dependency>
<groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
<artifactId>vertx-core</artifactId>
<version>3.9.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
<artifactId>vertx-lang-kotlin</artifactId>
<version>3.9.0</version>
</dependency>Gradle (in your build.gradle file):
compile "io.vertx:vertx-core:3.9.0"
compile "io.vertx:vertx-lang-kotlin:3.9.0"Let’s discuss the different concepts and features in core.
Unresolved directive in index.adoc - include::override/in-the-beginning.adoc[]
You may have noticed that in the previous examples a fluent API was used.
A fluent API is where multiple methods calls can be chained together. For example:
request.response().putHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain").write("some text").end()This is a common pattern throughout Vert.x APIs, so get used to it.
Chaining calls like this allows you to write code that’s a little bit less verbose. Of course, if you don’t like the fluent approach we don’t force you to do it that way, you can happily ignore it if you prefer and write your code like this:
var response = request.response()
response.putHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain")
response.write("some text")
response.end()The Vert.x APIs are largely event driven. This means that when things happen in Vert.x that you are interested in, Vert.x will call you by sending you events.
Some example events are:
a timer has fired
some data has arrived on a socket,
some data has been read from disk
an exception has occurred
an HTTP server has received a request
You handle events by providing handlers to the Vert.x APIs. For example to receive a timer event every second you would do:
vertx.setPeriodic(1000, { id ->
// This handler will get called every second
println("timer fired!")
})Or to receive an HTTP request:
// Respond to each http request with "Hello World"
server.requestHandler({ request ->
// This handler will be called every time an HTTP request is received at the server
request.response().end("hello world!")
})Some time later when Vert.x has an event to pass to your handler Vert.x will call it asynchronously.
This leads us to some important concepts in Vert.x:
With very few exceptions (i.e. some file system operations ending in 'Sync'), none of the APIs in Vert.x block the calling thread.
If a result can be provided immediately, it will be returned immediately, otherwise you will usually provide a handler to receive events some time later.
Because none of the Vert.x APIs block threads that means you can use Vert.x to handle a lot of concurrency using just a small number of threads.
With a conventional blocking API the calling thread might block when:
Reading data from a socket
Writing data to disk
Sending a message to a recipient and waiting for a reply.
… Many other situations
In all the above cases, when your thread is waiting for a result it can’t do anything else - it’s effectively useless.
This means that if you want a lot of concurrency using blocking APIs then you need a lot of threads to prevent your application grinding to a halt.
Threads have overhead in terms of the memory they require (e.g. for their stack) and in context switching.
For the levels of concurrency required in many modern applications, a blocking approach just doesn’t scale.
We mentioned before that Vert.x APIs are event driven - Vert.x passes events to handlers when they are available.
In most cases Vert.x calls your handlers using a thread called an event loop.
As nothing in Vert.x or your application blocks, the event loop can merrily run around delivering events to different handlers in succession as they arrive.
Because nothing blocks, an event loop can potentially deliver huge amounts of events in a short amount of time. For example a single event loop can handle many thousands of HTTP requests very quickly.
We call this the Reactor Pattern.
You may have heard of this before - for example Node.js implements this pattern.
In a standard reactor implementation there is a single event loop thread which runs around in a loop delivering all events to all handlers as they arrive.
The trouble with a single thread is it can only run on a single core at any one time, so if you want your single threaded reactor application (e.g. your Node.js application) to scale over your multi-core server you have to start up and manage many different processes.
Vert.x works differently here. Instead of a single event loop, each Vertx instance maintains several event loops. By default we choose the number based on the number of available cores on the machine, but this can be overridden.
This means a single Vertx process can scale across your server, unlike Node.js.
We call this pattern the Multi-Reactor Pattern to distinguish it from the single threaded reactor pattern.
|
Note
|
Even though a Vertx instance maintains multiple event loops, any particular handler will never be executed concurrently, and in most cases (with the exception of worker verticles) will always be called using the exact same event loop. |
We already know that the Vert.x APIs are non blocking and won’t block the event loop, but that’s not much help if you block the event loop yourself in a handler.
If you do that, then that event loop will not be able to do anything else while it’s blocked. If you block all of the event loops in Vertx instance then your application will grind to a complete halt!
So don’t do it! You have been warned.
Examples of blocking include:
Thread.sleep()
Waiting on a lock
Waiting on a mutex or monitor (e.g. synchronized section)
Doing a long lived database operation and waiting for a result
Doing a complex calculation that takes some significant time.
Spinning in a loop
If any of the above stop the event loop from doing anything else for a significant amount of time then you should go immediately to the naughty step, and await further instructions.
So… what is a significant amount of time?
How long is a piece of string? It really depends on your application and the amount of concurrency you require.
If you have a single event loop, and you want to handle 10000 http requests per second, then it’s clear that each request can’t take more than 0.1 ms to process, so you can’t block for any more time than that.
The maths is not hard and shall be left as an exercise for the reader.
If your application is not responsive it might be a sign that you are blocking an event loop somewhere. To help you diagnose such issues, Vert.x will automatically log warnings if it detects an event loop hasn’t returned for some time. If you see warnings like these in your logs, then you should investigate.
Thread vertx-eventloop-thread-3 has been blocked for 20458 ms
Vert.x will also provide stack traces to pinpoint exactly where the blocking is occurring.
If you want to turn off these warnings or change the settings, you can do that in the
VertxOptions object before creating the Vertx object.
In a perfect world, there will be no war or hunger, all APIs will be written asynchronously and bunny rabbits will skip hand-in-hand with baby lambs across sunny green meadows.
But… the real world is not like that. (Have you watched the news lately?)
Fact is, many, if not most libraries, especially in the JVM ecosystem have synchronous APIs and many of the methods are likely to block. A good example is the JDBC API - it’s inherently synchronous, and no matter how hard it tries, Vert.x cannot sprinkle magic pixie dust on it to make it asynchronous.
We’re not going to rewrite everything to be asynchronous overnight so we need to provide you a way to use "traditional" blocking APIs safely within a Vert.x application.
As discussed before, you can’t call blocking operations directly from an event loop, as that would prevent it from doing any other useful work. So how can you do this?
It’s done by calling executeBlocking specifying both the blocking code to execute and a
result handler to be called back asynchronous when the blocking code has been executed.
vertx.executeBlocking<Any>({ promise ->
// Call some blocking API that takes a significant amount of time to return
var result = someAPI.blockingMethod("hello")
promise.complete(result)
}, { res ->
println("The result is: ${res.result()}")
})|
Warning
|
Blocking code should block for a reasonable amount of time (i.e no more than a few seconds). Long blocking operations
or polling operations (i.e a thread that spin in a loop polling events in a blocking fashion) are precluded.
When the blocking operation lasts more than the 10 seconds, a message will be printed on the console by the
blocked thread checker. Long blocking operations should use a dedicated thread managed by the application,
which can interact with verticles using the event-bus or runOnContext
|
By default, if executeBlocking is called several times from the same context (e.g. the same verticle instance) then the different executeBlocking are executed serially (i.e. one after another).
If you don’t care about ordering you can call executeBlocking
specifying false as the argument to ordered. In this case any executeBlocking may be executed in parallel
on the worker pool.
An alternative way to run blocking code is to use a worker verticle
A worker verticle is always executed with a thread from the worker pool.
By default blocking code is executed on the Vert.x worker pool, configured with setWorkerPoolSize.
Additional pools can be created for different purposes:
var executor = vertx.createSharedWorkerExecutor("my-worker-pool")
executor.executeBlocking<Any>({ promise ->
// Call some blocking API that takes a significant amount of time to return
var result = someAPI.blockingMethod("hello")
promise.complete(result)
}, { res ->
println("The result is: ${res.result()}")
})The worker executor must be closed when it’s not necessary anymore:
executor.close()When several workers are created with the same name, they will share the same pool. The worker pool is destroyed when all the worker executors using it are closed.
When an executor is created in a Verticle, Vert.x will close it automatically for you when the Verticle is undeployed.
Worker executors can be configured when created:
//
// 10 threads max
var poolSize = 10
// 2 minutes
var maxExecuteTime = 2
var maxExecuteTimeUnit = TimeUnit.MINUTES
var executor = vertx.createSharedWorkerExecutor("my-worker-pool", poolSize, maxExecuteTime, maxExecuteTimeUnit)|
Note
|
the configuration is set when the worker pool is created |
Coordination of multiple asynchronous results can be achieved with Vert.x futures. It
supports concurrent composition (run several async operations in parallel) and sequential composition
(chain async operations).
CompositeFuture.all takes several futures arguments (up to 6) and returns a future that is
succeeded when all the futures are and failed when at least one of the futures is failed:
var httpServerFuture = Future.future<Any>({ promise ->
httpServer.listen(promise)
})
var netServerFuture = Future.future<Any>({ promise ->
netServer.listen(promise)
})
CompositeFuture.all(httpServerFuture, netServerFuture).onComplete({ ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// All servers started
} else {
// At least one server failed
}
})The operations run concurrently, the Handler attached to the returned future is invoked upon
completion of the composition. When one of the operation fails (one of the passed future is marked as a failure),
the resulting future is marked as failed too. When all the operations succeed, the resulting future is completed
with a success.
Alternatively, you can pass a list (potentially empty) of futures:
CompositeFuture.all(listOf(future1, future2, future3))While the all composition waits until all futures are successful (or one fails), the any composition
waits for the first succeeded future. CompositeFuture.any takes several futures
arguments (up to 6) and returns a future that is succeeded when one of the futures is, and failed when
all the futures are failed:
CompositeFuture.any(future1, future2).onComplete({ ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// At least one is succeeded
} else {
// All failed
}
})A list of futures can be used also:
CompositeFuture.any(listOf(f1, f2, f3))The join composition waits until all futures are completed, either with a success or a failure.
CompositeFuture.join takes several futures arguments (up to 6) and returns a future that is
succeeded when all the futures are succeeded, and failed when all the futures are completed and at least one of
them is failed:
CompositeFuture.join(future1, future2, future3).onComplete({ ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// All succeeded
} else {
// All completed and at least one failed
}
})A list of futures can be used also:
CompositeFuture.join(listOf(future1, future2, future3))While all and any are implementing concurrent composition, compose can be used
for chaining futures (so sequential composition).
var fs = vertx.fileSystem()
var fut1 = Future.future<Any>({ promise ->
fs.createFile("/foo", promise)
})
var startFuture = fut1.compose<Any>({ v ->
// When the file is created (fut1), execute this:
return Future.future<Void>({ promise ->
fs.writeFile("/foo", Buffer.buffer(), promise)
})
}).compose<Any>({ v ->
// When the file is written (fut2), execute this:
return Future.future<Any>({ promise ->
fs.move("/foo", "/bar", promise)
})
})In this example, 3 operations are chained:
a file is created (fut1)
something is written in the file (fut2)
the file is moved (startFuture)
When these 3 steps are successful, the final future (startFuture) is succeeded. However, if one
of the steps fails, the final future is failed.
This example uses:
In this second case, the Handler should complete the next future to report its success or
failure.
Vert.x comes with a simple, scalable, actor-like deployment and concurrency model out of the box that you can use to save you writing your own.
This model is entirely optional and Vert.x does not force you to create your applications in this way if you don’t want to..
The model does not claim to be a strict actor-model implementation, but it does share similarities especially with respect to concurrency, scaling and deployment.
To use this model, you write your code as set of verticles.
Verticles are chunks of code that get deployed and run by Vert.x. A Vert.x instance maintains N event loop threads (where N by default is core*2) by default. Verticles can be written in any of the languages that Vert.x supports and a single application can include verticles written in multiple languages.
You can think of a verticle as a bit like an actor in the Actor Model.
An application would typically be composed of many verticle instances running in the same Vert.x instance at the same time. The different verticle instances communicate with each other by sending messages on the event bus.
Writing a Verticle with Kotlin is achieved the same way you write a Java Verticle by
extending the AbstractVerticle.
Here’s an example verticle:
import io.vertx.core.AbstractVerticle
class MyVerticle : AbstractVerticle() {
// Called when verticle is deployed
override fun start() {
}
// Optional - called when verticle is undeployed
override fun stop() {
}
}Please refer to the Java documentation.
There are two different types of verticles:
These are the most common and useful type - they are always executed using an event loop thread. We’ll discuss this more in the next section.
These run using a thread from the worker pool. An instance is never executed concurrently by more than one thread.
Standard verticles are assigned an event loop thread when they are created and the start method is called with that event loop. When you call any other methods that takes a handler on a core API from an event loop then Vert.x will guarantee that those handlers, when called, will be executed on the same event loop.
This means we can guarantee that all the code in your verticle instance is always executed on the same event loop (as long as you don’t create your own threads and call it!).
This means you can write all the code in your application as single threaded and let Vert.x worry about the threading and scaling. No more worrying about synchronized and volatile any more, and you also avoid many other cases of race conditions and deadlock so prevalent when doing hand-rolled 'traditional' multi-threaded application development.
A worker verticle is just like a standard verticle but it’s executed using a thread from the Vert.x worker thread pool, rather than using an event loop.
Worker verticles are designed for calling blocking code, as they won’t block any event loops.
If you don’t want to use a worker verticle to run blocking code, you can also run inline blocking code directly while on an event loop.
If you want to deploy a verticle as a worker verticle you do that with setWorker.
var options = DeploymentOptions(
worker = true)
vertx.deployVerticle("com.mycompany.MyOrderProcessorVerticle", options)Worker verticle instances are never executed concurrently by Vert.x by more than one thread, but can executed by different threads at different times.
You can deploy a verticle using one of the deployVerticle method, specifying a verticle
name or you can pass in a verticle instance you have already created yourself.
|
Note
|
Deploying Verticle instances is Java only. |
var myVerticle = examples.CoreExamples.MyVerticle()
vertx.deployVerticle(myVerticle)You can also deploy verticles by specifying the verticle name.
The verticle name is used to look up the specific VerticleFactory that will be used to
instantiate the actual verticle instance(s).
Different verticle factories are available for instantiating verticles in different languages and for various other reasons such as loading services and getting verticles from Maven at run-time.
This allows you to deploy verticles written in any language from any other language that Vert.x supports.
Here’s an example of deploying some different types of verticles:
// Deploy a Java verticle - the name is the fully qualified class name of the verticle class
vertx.deployVerticle("com.mycompany.MyOrderProcessorVerticle")
// Deploy a JavaScript verticle
vertx.deployVerticle("verticles/myverticle.js")
// Deploy a Ruby verticle verticle
vertx.deployVerticle("verticles/my_verticle.rb")When deploying verticle(s) using a name, the name is used to select the actual verticle factory that will instantiate the verticle(s).
Verticle names can have a prefix - which is a string followed by a colon, which if present will be used to look-up the factory, e.g.
js:foo.js // Use the JavaScript verticle factory groovy:com.mycompany.SomeGroovyCompiledVerticle // Use the Groovy verticle factory service:com.mycompany:myorderservice // Uses the service verticle factory
If no prefix is present, Vert.x will look for a suffix and use that to lookup the factory, e.g.
foo.js // Will also use the JavaScript verticle factory SomeScript.groovy // Will use the Groovy verticle factory
If no prefix or suffix is present, Vert.x will assume it’s a Java fully qualified class name (FQCN) and try and instantiate that.
Most Verticle factories are loaded from the classpath and registered at Vert.x startup.
You can also programmatically register and unregister verticle factories using registerVerticleFactory
and unregisterVerticleFactory if you wish.
Verticle deployment is asynchronous and may complete some time after the call to deploy has returned.
If you want to be notified when deployment is complete you can deploy specifying a completion handler:
vertx.deployVerticle("com.mycompany.MyOrderProcessorVerticle", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Deployment id is: ${res.result()}")
} else {
println("Deployment failed!")
}
})The completion handler will be passed a result containing the deployment ID string, if deployment succeeded.
This deployment ID can be used later if you want to undeploy the deployment.
Deployments can be undeployed with undeploy.
Un-deployment is itself asynchronous so if you want to be notified when un-deployment is complete you can deploy specifying a completion handler:
vertx.undeploy(deploymentID, { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Undeployed ok")
} else {
println("Undeploy failed!")
}
})When deploying a verticle using a verticle name, you can specify the number of verticle instances that you want to deploy:
var options = DeploymentOptions(
instances = 16)
vertx.deployVerticle("com.mycompany.MyOrderProcessorVerticle", options)This is useful for scaling easily across multiple cores. For example you might have a web-server verticle to deploy and multiple cores on your machine, so you want to deploy multiple instances to utilise all the cores.
By default, Vert.x has a flat classpath. I.e, when Vert.x deploys verticles it does so with the current classloader - it doesn’t create a new one. In the majority of cases this is the simplest, clearest, and sanest thing to do.
However, in some cases you may want to deploy a verticle so the classes of that verticle are isolated from others in your application.
This might be the case, for example, if you want to deploy two different versions of a verticle with the same class name in the same Vert.x instance, or if you have two different verticles which use different versions of the same jar library.
When using an isolation group you provide a list of the class names that you want isolated using
setIsolatedClasses- an entry can be a fully qualified
classname such as com.mycompany.myproject.engine.MyClass or it can be a wildcard which will match any classes in a package and any
sub-packages, e.g. com.mycompany.myproject.* would match any classes in the package com.mycompany.myproject or
any sub-packages.
Please note that only the classes that match will be isolated - any other classes will be loaded by the current class loader.
Extra classpath entries can also be provided with setExtraClasspath so if
you want to load classes or resources that aren’t already present on the main classpath you can add this.
|
Warning
|
Use this feature with caution. Class-loaders can be a can of worms, and can make debugging difficult, amongst other things. |
Here’s an example of using an isolation group to isolate a verticle deployment.
var options = DeploymentOptions(
isolationGroup = "mygroup")
options.isolatedClasses = listOf("com.mycompany.myverticle.*", "com.mycompany.somepkg.SomeClass", "org.somelibrary.*")
vertx.deployVerticle("com.mycompany.myverticle.VerticleClass", options)Verticles can be deployed with High Availability (HA) enabled. In that context, when a verticle is deployed on a vert.x instance that dies abruptly, the verticle is redeployed on another vert.x instance from the cluster.
To run an verticle with the high availability enabled, just append the -ha switch:
vertx run my-verticle.js -haWhen enabling high availability, no need to add -cluster.
More details about the high availability feature and configuration in the High Availability and Fail-Over section.
You can use Vert.x directly in your Maven or Gradle projects in the normal way by adding a dependency to the Vert.x core library and hacking from there.
However you can also run Vert.x verticles directly from the command line if you wish.
To do this you need to download and install a Vert.x distribution, and add the bin directory of the installation
to your PATH environment variable. Also make sure you have a Java 8 JDK on your PATH.
|
Note
|
The JDK is required to support on the fly compilation of Java code. |
You can now run verticles by using the vertx run command. Here are some examples:
# Run a JavaScript verticle vertx run my_verticle.js # Run a Ruby verticle vertx run a_n_other_verticle.rb # Run a Groovy script verticle, clustered vertx run FooVerticle.groovy -cluster
You can even run Java source verticles without compiling them first!
vertx run SomeJavaSourceFile.java
Vert.x will compile the Java source file on the fly before running it. This is really useful for quickly prototyping verticles and great for demos. No need to set-up a Maven or Gradle build first to get going!
For full information on the various options available when executing vertx on the command line,
type vertx at the command line.
Threads maintained by Vert.x instances are not daemon threads so they will prevent the JVM from exiting.
If you are embedding Vert.x and you have finished with it, you can call close to close it
down.
This will shut-down all internal thread pools and close other resources, and will allow the JVM to exit.
When Vert.x provides an event to a handler or calls the start or stop methods of a
Verticle, the execution is associated with a Context. Usually a context is an
event-loop context and is tied to a specific event loop thread. So executions for that context always occur
on that exact same event loop thread. In the case of worker verticles and running inline blocking code a
worker context will be associated with the execution which will use a thread from the worker thread pool.
To retrieve the context, use the getOrCreateContext method:
var context = vertx.getOrCreateContext()If the current thread has a context associated with it, it reuses the context object. If not a new instance of context is created. You can test the type of context you have retrieved:
var context = vertx.getOrCreateContext()
if (context.isEventLoopContext()) {
println("Context attached to Event Loop")
} else if (context.isWorkerContext()) {
println("Context attached to Worker Thread")
} else if (context.isMultiThreadedWorkerContext()) {
println("Context attached to Worker Thread - multi threaded worker")
} else if (!Context.isOnVertxThread()) {
println("Context not attached to a thread managed by vert.x")
}When you have retrieved the context object, you can run code in this context asynchronously. In other words, you submit a task that will be eventually run in the same context, but later:
vertx.getOrCreateContext().runOnContext({ v ->
println("This will be executed asynchronously in the same context")
})When several handlers run in the same context, they may want to share data. The context object offers methods to
store and retrieve data shared in the context. For instance, it lets you pass data to some action run with
runOnContext:
var context = vertx.getOrCreateContext()
context.put("data", "hello")
context.runOnContext({ v ->
var hello = context.get<Any>("data")
})The context object also let you access verticle configuration using the config
method. Check the [Passing configuration to a verticle] section for more details about this configuration.
It’s very common in Vert.x to want to perform an action after a delay, or periodically.
In standard verticles you can’t just make the thread sleep to introduce a delay, as that will block the event loop thread.
Instead you use Vert.x timers. Timers can be one-shot or periodic. We’ll discuss both
A one shot timer calls an event handler after a certain delay, expressed in milliseconds.
To set a timer to fire once you use setTimer method passing in the delay and a handler
var timerID = vertx.setTimer(1000, { id ->
println("And one second later this is printed")
})
println("First this is printed")The return value is a unique timer id which can later be used to cancel the timer. The handler is also passed the timer id.
You can also set a timer to fire periodically by using setPeriodic.
There will be an initial delay equal to the period.
The return value of setPeriodic is a unique timer id (long). This can be later used if the timer needs to be cancelled.
The argument passed into the timer event handler is also the unique timer id:
Keep in mind that the timer will fire on a periodic basis. If your periodic treatment takes a long amount of time to proceed, your timer events could run continuously or even worse : stack up.
In this case, you should consider using setTimer instead. Once your treatment has
finished, you can set the next timer.
var timerID = vertx.setPeriodic(1000, { id ->
println("And every second this is printed")
})
println("First this is printed")To cancel a periodic timer, call cancelTimer specifying the timer id. For example:
vertx.cancelTimer(timerID)If you’re creating timers from inside verticles, those timers will be automatically closed when the verticle is undeployed.
Verticles use the Vert.x worker pool for executing blocking actions, i.e executeBlocking or
worker verticle.
A different worker pool can be specified in deployment options:
vertx.deployVerticle("the-verticle", DeploymentOptions(
workerPoolName = "the-specific-pool"))The event bus is the nervous system of Vert.x.
There is a single event bus instance for every Vert.x instance and it is obtained using the method eventBus.
The event bus allows different parts of your application to communicate with each other, irrespective of what language they are written in, and whether they’re in the same Vert.x instance, or in a different Vert.x instance.
It can even be bridged to allow client-side JavaScript running in a browser to communicate on the same event bus.
The event bus forms a distributed peer-to-peer messaging system spanning multiple server nodes and multiple browsers.
The event bus supports publish/subscribe, point-to-point, and request-response messaging.
The event bus API is very simple. It basically involves registering handlers, unregistering handlers and sending and publishing messages.
First some theory:
Messages are sent on the event bus to an address.
Vert.x doesn’t bother with any fancy addressing schemes. In Vert.x an address is simply a string. Any string is valid. However it is wise to use some kind of scheme, e.g. using periods to demarcate a namespace.
Some examples of valid addresses are europe.news.feed1, acme.games.pacman, sausages, and X.
Messages are received by handlers. You register a handler at an address.
Many different handlers can be registered at the same address.
A single handler can be registered at many different addresses.
The event bus supports publishing messages.
Messages are published to an address. Publishing means delivering the message to all handlers that are registered at that address.
This is the familiar publish/subscribe messaging pattern.
The event bus also supports point-to-point messaging.
Messages are sent to an address. Vert.x will then route them to just one of the handlers registered at that address.
If there is more than one handler registered at the address, one will be chosen using a non-strict round-robin algorithm.
With point-to-point messaging, an optional reply handler can be specified when sending the message.
When a message is received by a recipient, and has been handled, the recipient can optionally decide to reply to the message. If they do so, the reply handler will be called.
When the reply is received back by the sender, it too can be replied to. This can be repeated ad infinitum, and allows a dialog to be set up between two different verticles.
This is a common messaging pattern called the request-response pattern.
Vert.x does its best to deliver messages and won’t consciously throw them away. This is called best-effort delivery.
However, in case of failure of all or parts of the event bus, there is a possibility messages might be lost.
If your application cares about lost messages, you should code your handlers to be idempotent, and your senders to retry after recovery.
Out of the box Vert.x allows any primitive/simple type, String, or buffers to
be sent as messages.
However it’s a convention and common practice in Vert.x to send messages as JSON
JSON is very easy to create, read and parse in all the languages that Vert.x supports so it has become a kind of lingua franca for Vert.x.
However you are not forced to use JSON if you don’t want to.
The event bus is very flexible and also supports sending arbitrary objects over the event bus.
You can do this by defining a codec for the objects you want to send.
Let’s jump into the API.
You get a reference to the event bus as follows:
var eb = vertx.eventBus()There is a single instance of the event bus per Vert.x instance.
This simplest way to register a handler is using consumer.
Here’s an example:
var eb = vertx.eventBus()
eb.consumer<Any>("news.uk.sport", { message ->
println("I have received a message: ${message.body()}")
})When a message arrives for your handler, your handler will be called, passing in the message.
The object returned from call to consumer() is an instance of MessageConsumer.
This object can subsequently be used to unregister the handler, or use the handler as a stream.
Alternatively you can use consumer to
return a MessageConsumer with no handler set, and then set the handler on that. For example:
var eb = vertx.eventBus()
var consumer = eb.consumer<Any>("news.uk.sport")
consumer.handler({ message ->
println("I have received a message: ${message.body()}")
})When registering a handler on a clustered event bus, it can take some time for the registration to reach all nodes of the cluster.
If you want to be notified when this has completed, you can register a completion handler
on the MessageConsumer object.
consumer.completionHandler({ res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("The handler registration has reached all nodes")
} else {
println("Registration failed!")
}
})To unregister a handler, call unregister.
If you are on a clustered event bus, un-registering can take some time to propagate across the nodes. If you want to
be notified when this is complete, use unregister.
consumer.unregister({ res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("The handler un-registration has reached all nodes")
} else {
println("Un-registration failed!")
}
})Publishing a message is simple. Just use publish specifying the
address to publish it to.
eventBus.publish("news.uk.sport", "Yay! Someone kicked a ball")That message will then be delivered to all handlers registered against the address news.uk.sport.
Sending a message will result in only one handler registered at the address receiving the message. This is the point-to-point messaging pattern. The handler is chosen in a non-strict round-robin fashion.
You can send a message with send.
eventBus.send("news.uk.sport", "Yay! Someone kicked a ball")Vert.x will deliver messages to any particular handler in the same order they were sent from any particular sender.
The object you receive in a message handler is a Message.
The body of the message corresponds to the object that was sent or published.
The headers of the message are available with headers.
When using send the event bus attempts to deliver the message to a
MessageConsumer registered with the event bus.
In some cases it’s useful for the sender to know when the consumer has received the message and "processed" it using request-response pattern.
To acknowledge that the message has been processed, the consumer can reply to the message by calling
reply.
When this happens it causes a reply to be sent back to the sender and the reply handler is invoked with the reply.
An example will make this clear:
The receiver:
var consumer = eventBus.consumer<Any>("news.uk.sport")
consumer.handler({ message ->
println("I have received a message: ${message.body()}")
message.reply("how interesting!")
})The sender:
eventBus.request<Any>("news.uk.sport", "Yay! Someone kicked a ball across a patch of grass", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println("Received reply: ${ar.result().body()}")
}
})The reply can contain a message body which can contain useful information.
What the "processing" actually means is application-defined and depends entirely on what the message consumer does and is not something that the Vert.x event bus itself knows or cares about.
Some examples:
A simple message consumer which implements a service which returns the time of the day would acknowledge with a message containing the time of day in the reply body
A message consumer which implements a persistent queue, might acknowledge with true if the message was successfully
persisted in storage, or false if not.
A message consumer which processes an order might acknowledge with true when the order has been successfully processed
so it can be deleted from the database
When sending a message with a reply handler, you can specify a timeout in the DeliveryOptions.
If a reply is not received within that time, the reply handler will be called with a failure.
The default timeout is 30 seconds.
Message sends can fail for other reasons, including:
There are no handlers available to send the message to
The recipient has explicitly failed the message using fail
In all cases, the reply handler will be called with the specific failure.
The event bus doesn’t just exist in a single Vert.x instance. By clustering different Vert.x instances together on your network they can form a single, distributed event bus.
If you’re creating your Vert.x instance programmatically you get a clustered event bus by configuring the Vert.x instance as clustered;
var options = VertxOptions()
Vertx.clusteredVertx(options, { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
var vertx = res.result()
var eventBus = vertx.eventBus()
println("We now have a clustered event bus: ${eventBus}")
} else {
println("Failed: ${res.cause()}")
}
})You should also make sure you have a ClusterManager implementation on your classpath, for example the Hazelcast cluster manager.
You can run Vert.x clustered on the command line with
vertx run my-verticle.js -cluster
If you’re registering event bus handlers from inside verticles, those handlers will be automatically unregistered when the verticle is undeployed.
Unresolved directive in eventbus.adoc - include::override/configuring-eventbus.adoc[]
Unlike some other languages, Java does not have first class support for JSON so we provide two classes to make handling JSON in your Vert.x applications a bit easier.
Use the JsonObject class to represent JSON objects and the JsonArray
class to represent JSON arrays, you can refer to the Java documentation for more details.
Builders are provided to provide a more fluent JSON construction:
// The json builder declares a JSON structure
val result = json {
// in this structure the obj function can be used
// takes a vararg of Kotlin pairs
obj(
"key_1" to 1,
"key_2" to 2,
"key_3" to 3
)
// or an iterable of Kotlin pairs
obj((1..3).map { "key_$it" to it })
// or a Map<String, Any?>
obj(someMap)
// apply function on object receiver
obj {
for (i in 1..3) {
put("key_$i", i)
}
}
}You can also build JSON arrays:
// The json builder declares a JSON structure
val result = json {
// in this structure the array function can be used
// takes a vararg of values
array("1", "2", "3")
// or an iterable of values
array((1..3).map { "$it" })
// apply function on array receiver
array {
for (i in 1..3) {
add("$i")
}
}
}Of course it is possible to mix objects and arrays
// The json builder declares a JSON structure
val result = json {
"firstName" to "Dale",
"lastName" to "Cooper",
"age" to 64,
"names" to array("Dale", "Bartholomew")
}The Kotlin postscript operator is overloaded for JSON object and array:
print(someObject["firstName"]);
print(someArray[4]);Vert.x provides an implementation of Json Pointers from RFC6901.
You can use pointers both for querying and for writing. You can build your JsonPointer using
a string, a URI or manually appending paths:
// Build a pointer from a string
var pointer1 = JsonPointer.from("/hello/world")
// Build a pointer manually
var pointer2 = JsonPointer.create().append("hello").append("world")After instantiating your pointer, use queryJson to query
a JSON value. You can update a Json Value using writeJson:
// Query a JsonObject
var result1 = objectPointer.queryJson(jsonObject)
// Query a JsonArray
var result2 = arrayPointer.queryJson(jsonArray)
// Write starting from a JsonObject
objectPointer.writeJson(jsonObject, "new element")
// Write starting from a JsonObject
arrayPointer.writeJson(jsonArray, "new element")You can use Vert.x Json Pointer with any object model by providing a custom implementation of JsonPointerIterator
Most data is shuffled around inside Vert.x using buffers.
A buffer is a sequence of zero or more bytes that can read from or written to and which expands automatically as necessary to accommodate any bytes written to it. You can perhaps think of a buffer as smart byte array.
Buffers can create by using one of the static Buffer.buffer methods.
Buffers can be initialised from strings or byte arrays, or empty buffers can be created.
Here are some examples of creating buffers:
Create a new empty buffer:
var buff = Buffer.buffer()Create a buffer from a String. The String will be encoded in the buffer using UTF-8.
var buff = Buffer.buffer("some string")Create a buffer from a String: The String will be encoded using the specified encoding, e.g:
var buff = Buffer.buffer("some string", "UTF-16")Create a buffer with an initial size hint. If you know your buffer will have a certain amount of data written to it you can create the buffer and specify this size. This makes the buffer initially allocate that much memory and is more efficient than the buffer automatically resizing multiple times as data is written to it.
Note that buffers created this way are empty. It does not create a buffer filled with zeros up to the specified size.
var buff = Buffer.buffer(10000)There are two ways to write to a buffer: appending, and random access.
In either case buffers will always expand automatically to encompass the bytes. It’s not possible to get
an IndexOutOfBoundsException with a buffer.
To append to a buffer, you use the appendXXX methods.
Append methods exist for appending various different types.
The return value of the appendXXX methods is the buffer itself, so these can be chained:
var buff = Buffer.buffer()
buff.appendInt(123).appendString("hello\n")
socket.write(buff)You can also write into the buffer at a specific index, by using the setXXX methods.
Set methods exist for various different data types. All the set methods take an index as the first argument - this
represents the position in the buffer where to start writing the data.
The buffer will always expand as necessary to accommodate the data.
var buff = Buffer.buffer()
buff.setInt(1000, 123)
buff.setString(0, "hello")Data is read from a buffer using the getXXX methods. Get methods exist for various datatypes.
The first argument to these methods is an index in the buffer from where to get the data.
var buff = Buffer.buffer()
var i = 0
while (i < buff.length()) {
println("int value at ${i} is ${buff.getInt(i)}")
4}Unsigned numbers can be read from or appended/set to a buffer with the getUnsignedXXX,
appendUnsignedXXX and setUnsignedXXX methods. This is useful when implementing a codec for a
network protocol optimized to minimize bandwidth consumption.
In the following example, value 200 is set at specified position with just one byte:
var buff = Buffer.buffer(128)
var pos = 15
buff.setUnsignedByte(pos, 200)
println(buff.getUnsignedByte(pos))The console shows '200'.
Use length to obtain the length of the buffer.
The length of a buffer is the index of the byte in the buffer with the largest index + 1.
Use copy to make a copy of the buffer
A sliced buffer is a new buffer which backs onto the original buffer, i.e. it does not copy the underlying data.
Use slice to create a sliced buffers
After writing a buffer to a socket or other similar place, they cannot be re-used.
Vert.x allows you to easily write non blocking TCP clients and servers.
The simplest way to create a TCP server, using all default options is as follows:
var server = vertx.createNetServer()If you don’t want the default, a server can be configured by passing in a NetServerOptions
instance when creating it:
var options = NetServerOptions(
port = 4321)
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)To tell the server to listen for incoming requests you use one of the listen
alternatives.
To tell the server to listen at the host and port as specified in the options:
var server = vertx.createNetServer()
server.listen()Or to specify the host and port in the call to listen, ignoring what is configured in the options:
var server = vertx.createNetServer()
server.listen(1234, "localhost")The default host is 0.0.0.0 which means 'listen on all available addresses' and the default port is 0, which is a
special value that instructs the server to find a random unused local port and use that.
The actual bind is asynchronous so the server might not actually be listening until some time after the call to listen has returned.
If you want to be notified when the server is actually listening you can provide a handler to the listen call.
For example:
var server = vertx.createNetServer()
server.listen(1234, "localhost", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Server is now listening!")
} else {
println("Failed to bind!")
}
})If 0 is used as the listening port, the server will find an unused random port to listen on.
To find out the real port the server is listening on you can call actualPort.
var server = vertx.createNetServer()
server.listen(0, "localhost", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Server is now listening on actual port: ${server.actualPort()}")
} else {
println("Failed to bind!")
}
})To be notified when a connection is made you need to set a connectHandler:
var server = vertx.createNetServer()
server.connectHandler({ socket ->
// Handle the connection in here
})When a connection is made the handler will be called with an instance of NetSocket.
This is a socket-like interface to the actual connection, and allows you to read and write data as well as do various other things like close the socket.
To read data from the socket you set the handler on the
socket.
This handler will be called with an instance of Buffer every time data is received on
the socket.
var server = vertx.createNetServer()
server.connectHandler({ socket ->
socket.handler({ buffer ->
println("I received some bytes: ${buffer.length()}")
})
})You write to a socket using one of write.
// Write a buffer
var buffer = Buffer.buffer().appendFloat(12.34f).appendInt(123)
socket.write(buffer)
// Write a string in UTF-8 encoding
socket.write("some data")
// Write a string using the specified encoding
socket.write("some data", "UTF-16")Write operations are asynchronous and may not occur until some time after the call to write has returned.
If you want to be notified when a socket is closed, you can set a closeHandler
on it:
socket.closeHandler({ v ->
println("The socket has been closed")
})You can set an exceptionHandler to receive any
exceptions that happen on the socket.
You can set an exceptionHandler to receive any
exceptions that happens before the connection is passed to the connectHandler
, e.g during the TLS handshake.
Every socket automatically registers a handler on the event bus, and when any buffers are received in this handler, it writes them to itself. Those are local subscriptions not routed on the cluster.
This enables you to write data to a socket which is potentially in a completely different verticle by sending the buffer to the address of that handler.
The address of the handler is given by writeHandlerID
The local address of a NetSocket can be retrieved using localAddress.
The remote address, (i.e. the address of the other end of the connection) of a NetSocket
can be retrieved using remoteAddress.
Files and classpath resources can be written to the socket directly using sendFile. This can be a very
efficient way to send files, as it can be handled by the OS kernel directly where supported by the operating system.
Please see the chapter about serving files from the classpath for restrictions of the classpath resolution or disabling it.
socket.sendFile("myfile.dat")Instances of NetSocket are also ReadStream and
WriteStream instances so they can be used to pipe data to or from other
read and write streams.
See the chapter on streams for more information.
A non SSL/TLS connection can be upgraded to SSL/TLS using upgradeToSsl.
The server or client must be configured for SSL/TLS for this to work correctly. Please see the chapter on SSL/TLS for more information.
Call close to close the server. Closing the server closes any open connections
and releases all server resources.
The close is actually asynchronous and might not complete until some time after the call has returned. If you want to be notified when the actual close has completed then you can pass in a handler.
This handler will then be called when the close has fully completed.
server.close({ res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Server is now closed")
} else {
println("close failed")
}
})If you’re creating TCP servers and clients from inside verticles, those servers and clients will be automatically closed when the verticle is undeployed.
The handlers of any TCP server are always executed on the same event loop thread.
This means that if you are running on a server with a lot of cores, and you only have this one instance deployed then you will have at most one core utilised on your server.
In order to utilise more cores of your server you will need to deploy more instances of the server.
You can instantiate more instances programmatically in your code:
// Create a few instances so we can utilise cores
for (i in 0 until 10) {
var server = vertx.createNetServer()
server.connectHandler({ socket ->
socket.handler({ buffer ->
// Just echo back the data
socket.write(buffer)
})
})
server.listen(1234, "localhost")
}or, if you are using verticles you can simply deploy more instances of your server verticle by using the -instances option
on the command line:
vertx run com.mycompany.MyVerticle -instances 10
or when programmatically deploying your verticle
var options = DeploymentOptions(
instances = 10)
vertx.deployVerticle("com.mycompany.MyVerticle", options)Once you do this you will find the echo server works functionally identically to before, but all your cores on your server can be utilised and more work can be handled.
At this point you might be asking yourself 'How can you have more than one server listening on the same host and port? Surely you will get port conflicts as soon as you try and deploy more than one instance?'
Vert.x does a little magic here.*
When you deploy another server on the same host and port as an existing server it doesn’t actually try and create a new server listening on the same host/port.
Instead it internally maintains just a single server, and, as incoming connections arrive it distributes them in a round-robin fashion to any of the connect handlers.
Consequently Vert.x TCP servers can scale over available cores while each instance remains single threaded.
The simplest way to create a TCP client, using all default options is as follows:
var client = vertx.createNetClient()If you don’t want the default, a client can be configured by passing in a NetClientOptions
instance when creating it:
var options = NetClientOptions(
connectTimeout = 10000)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)To make a connection to a server you use connect,
specifying the port and host of the server and a handler that will be called with a result containing the
NetSocket when connection is successful or with a failure if connection failed.
var options = NetClientOptions(
connectTimeout = 10000)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)
client.connect(4321, "localhost", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Connected!")
var socket = res.result()
} else {
println("Failed to connect: ${res.cause().getMessage()}")
}
})A client can be configured to automatically retry connecting to the server in the event that it cannot connect.
This is configured with setReconnectInterval and
setReconnectAttempts.
|
Note
|
Currently Vert.x will not attempt to reconnect if a connection fails, reconnect attempts and interval only apply to creating initial connections. |
var options = NetClientOptions(
reconnectAttempts = 10,
reconnectInterval = 500)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)By default, multiple connection attempts are disabled.
For debugging purposes, network activity can be logged:
var options = NetServerOptions(
logActivity = true)
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)for the client
var options = NetClientOptions(
logActivity = true)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Network activity is logged by Netty with the DEBUG level and with the io.netty.handler.logging.LoggingHandler
name. When using network activity logging there are a few things to keep in mind:
logging is not performed by Vert.x logging but by Netty
this is not a production feature
You should read the Netty logging section.
TCP clients and servers can be configured to use Transport Layer Security - earlier versions of TLS were known as SSL.
The APIs of the servers and clients are identical whether or not SSL/TLS is used, and it’s enabled by configuring
the NetClientOptions or NetServerOptions instances used
to create the servers or clients.
SSL/TLS servers usually provide certificates to clients in order verify their identity to clients.
Certificates/keys can be configured for servers in several ways:
The first method is by specifying the location of a Java key-store which contains the certificate and private key.
Java key stores can be managed with the keytool utility which ships with the JDK.
The password for the key store should also be provided:
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = JksOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/server-keystore.jks",
password = "password-of-your-keystore"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Alternatively you can read the key store yourself as a buffer and provide that directly:
var myKeyStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/server-keystore.jks")
var jksOptions = JksOptions(
value = myKeyStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-keystore")
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = jksOptions)
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Key/certificate in PKCS#12 format (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_12), usually with the .pfx or the .p12
extension can also be loaded in a similar fashion than JKS key stores:
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
pfxKeyCertOptions = PfxOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/server-keystore.pfx",
password = "password-of-your-keystore"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myKeyStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/server-keystore.pfx")
var pfxOptions = PfxOptions(
value = myKeyStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-keystore")
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
pfxKeyCertOptions = pfxOptions)
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Another way of providing server private key and certificate separately using .pem files.
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
pemKeyCertOptions = PemKeyCertOptions(
keyPath = "/path/to/your/server-key.pem",
certPath = "/path/to/your/server-cert.pem"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myKeyAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/server-key.pem")
var myCertAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/server-cert.pem")
var pemOptions = PemKeyCertOptions(
keyValue = myKeyAsABuffer,
certValue = myCertAsABuffer)
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
pemKeyCertOptions = pemOptions)
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Vert.x supports reading of unencrypted RSA and/or ECC based private keys from PKCS8 PEM files. RSA based private keys can also be read from PKCS1 PEM files. X.509 certificates can be read from PEM files containing a textual encoding of the certificate as defined by RFC 7468, Section 5.
|
Warning
|
Keep in mind that the keys contained in an unencrypted PKCS8 or a PKCS1 PEM file can be extracted by anybody who can read the file. Thus, make sure to put proper access restrictions on such PEM files in order to prevent misuse. |
SSL/TLS servers can use a certificate authority in order to verify the identity of the clients.
Certificate authorities can be configured for servers in several ways:
Java trust stores can be managed with the keytool utility which ships with the JDK.
The password for the trust store should also be provided:
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
clientAuth = ClientAuth.REQUIRED,
trustStoreOptions = JksOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/truststore.jks",
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Alternatively you can read the trust store yourself as a buffer and provide that directly:
var myTrustStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/truststore.jks")
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
clientAuth = ClientAuth.REQUIRED,
trustStoreOptions = JksOptions(
value = myTrustStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Certificate authority in PKCS#12 format (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_12), usually with the .pfx or the .p12
extension can also be loaded in a similar fashion than JKS trust stores:
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
clientAuth = ClientAuth.REQUIRED,
pfxTrustOptions = PfxOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/truststore.pfx",
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myTrustStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/truststore.pfx")
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
clientAuth = ClientAuth.REQUIRED,
pfxTrustOptions = PfxOptions(
value = myTrustStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Another way of providing server certificate authority using a list .pem files.
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
clientAuth = ClientAuth.REQUIRED,
pemTrustOptions = PemTrustOptions(
certPaths = listOf("/path/to/your/server-ca.pem")))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myCaAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/server-ca.pfx")
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
clientAuth = ClientAuth.REQUIRED,
pemTrustOptions = PemTrustOptions(
certValues = listOf(myCaAsABuffer)))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Net Clients can also be easily configured to use SSL. They have the exact same API when using SSL as when using standard sockets.
To enable SSL on a NetClient the function setSSL(true) is called.
If the trustALl is set to true on the client, then the client will
trust all server certificates. The connection will still be encrypted but this mode is vulnerable to 'man in the middle' attacks. I.e. you can’t
be sure who you are connecting to. Use this with caution. Default value is false.
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
trustAll = true)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)If trustAll is not set then a client trust store must be
configured and should contain the certificates of the servers that the client trusts.
By default, host verification is disabled on the client. To enable host verification, set the algorithm to use on your client (only HTTPS and LDAPS is currently supported):
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
hostnameVerificationAlgorithm = "HTTPS")
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Likewise server configuration, the client trust can be configured in several ways:
The first method is by specifying the location of a Java trust-store which contains the certificate authority.
It is just a standard Java key store, the same as the key stores on the server side. The client
trust store location is set by using the function path on the
jks options. If a server presents a certificate during connection which is not
in the client trust store, the connection attempt will not succeed.
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
trustStoreOptions = JksOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/truststore.jks",
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myTrustStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/truststore.jks")
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
trustStoreOptions = JksOptions(
value = myTrustStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Certificate authority in PKCS#12 format (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_12), usually with the .pfx or the .p12
extension can also be loaded in a similar fashion than JKS trust stores:
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pfxTrustOptions = PfxOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/truststore.pfx",
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myTrustStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/truststore.pfx")
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pfxTrustOptions = PfxOptions(
value = myTrustStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-truststore"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Another way of providing server certificate authority using a list .pem files.
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pemTrustOptions = PemTrustOptions(
certPaths = listOf("/path/to/your/ca-cert.pem")))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myTrustStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/ca-cert.pem")
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pemTrustOptions = PemTrustOptions(
certValues = listOf(myTrustStoreAsABuffer)))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)If the server requires client authentication then the client must present its own certificate to the server when connecting. The client can be configured in several ways:
The first method is by specifying the location of a Java key-store which contains the key and certificate.
Again it’s just a regular Java key store. The client keystore location is set by using the function
path on the
jks options.
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = JksOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/client-keystore.jks",
password = "password-of-your-keystore"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myKeyStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/client-keystore.jks")
var jksOptions = JksOptions(
value = myKeyStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-keystore")
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = jksOptions)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Key/certificate in PKCS#12 format (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_12), usually with the .pfx or the .p12
extension can also be loaded in a similar fashion than JKS key stores:
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pfxKeyCertOptions = PfxOptions(
path = "/path/to/your/client-keystore.pfx",
password = "password-of-your-keystore"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myKeyStoreAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/client-keystore.pfx")
var pfxOptions = PfxOptions(
value = myKeyStoreAsABuffer,
password = "password-of-your-keystore")
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pfxKeyCertOptions = pfxOptions)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Another way of providing server private key and certificate separately using .pem files.
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pemKeyCertOptions = PemKeyCertOptions(
keyPath = "/path/to/your/client-key.pem",
certPath = "/path/to/your/client-cert.pem"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myKeyAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/client-key.pem")
var myCertAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/client-cert.pem")
var pemOptions = PemKeyCertOptions(
keyValue = myKeyAsABuffer,
certValue = myCertAsABuffer)
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
pemKeyCertOptions = pemOptions)
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Keep in mind that pem configuration, the private key is not crypted.
|
Caution
|
Do not use this in production settings, and note that the generated keys are very insecure. |
It is very often the case that self-signed certificates are required, be it for unit / integration tests or for running a development version of an application.
SelfSignedCertificate can be used to provide self-signed PEM certificate helpers and
give KeyCertOptions and TrustOptions configurations:
var certificate = SelfSignedCertificate.create()
var serverOptions = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyCertOptions = certificate.keyCertOptions(),
trustOptions = certificate.trustOptions())
var server = vertx.createNetServer(serverOptions).connectHandler({ socket ->
socket.write("Hello!").end()
}).listen(1234, "localhost")
var clientOptions = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
keyCertOptions = certificate.keyCertOptions(),
trustOptions = certificate.trustOptions())
var client = vertx.createNetClient(clientOptions)
client.connect(1234, "localhost", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
ar.result().handler({ buffer ->
println(buffer)
})
} else {
System.err.println("Woops: ${ar.cause().getMessage()}")
}
})The client can also be configured to trust all certificates:
var clientOptions = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
trustAll = true)Note that self-signed certificates also work for other TCP protocols like HTTPS:
var certificate = SelfSignedCertificate.create()
vertx.createHttpServer(HttpServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyCertOptions = certificate.keyCertOptions(),
trustOptions = certificate.trustOptions())).requestHandler({ req ->
req.response().end("Hello!")
}).listen(8080)Trust can be configured to use a certificate revocation list (CRL) for revoked certificates that should no
longer be trusted. The crlPath configures
the crl list to use:
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
trustStoreOptions = trustOptions,
crlPaths = listOf("/path/to/your/crl.pem"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)Buffer configuration is also supported:
var myCrlAsABuffer = vertx.fileSystem().readFileBlocking("/path/to/your/crl.pem")
var options = NetClientOptions(
ssl = true,
trustStoreOptions = trustOptions,
crlValues = listOf(myCrlAsABuffer))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)By default, the TLS configuration will use the Cipher suite of the JVM running Vert.x. This Cipher suite can be configured with a suite of enabled ciphers:
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = keyStoreOptions,
enabledCipherSuites = listOf("ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256", "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256", "ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384", "CDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384"))
var server = vertx.createNetServer(options)Cipher suite can be specified on the NetServerOptions or NetClientOptions configuration.
By default, the TLS configuration will use the following protocol versions: SSLv2Hello, TLSv1, TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2. Protocol versions can be configured by explicitly adding enabled protocols:
Code not translatableProtocol versions can be specified on the NetServerOptions or NetClientOptions configuration.
The engine implementation can be configured to use OpenSSL instead of the JDK implementation. OpenSSL provides better performances and CPU usage than the JDK engine, as well as JDK version independence.
The engine options to use is
the getSslEngineOptions options when it is set
otherwise JdkSSLEngineOptions
// Use JDK SSL engine
var options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = keyStoreOptions)
// Use JDK SSL engine explicitly
options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = keyStoreOptions,
jdkSslEngineOptions = JdkSSLEngineOptions())
// Use OpenSSL engine
options = NetServerOptions(
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = keyStoreOptions,
openSslEngineOptions = OpenSSLEngineOptions())Server Name Indication (SNI) is a TLS extension by which a client specifies a hostname attempting to connect: during the TLS handshake the client gives a server name and the server can use it to respond with a specific certificate for this server name instead of the default deployed certificate. If the server requires client authentication the server can use a specific trusted CA certificate depending on the indicated server name.
When SNI is active the server uses
the certificate CN or SAN DNS (Subject Alternative Name with DNS) to do an exact match, e.g www.example.com
the certificate CN or SAN DNS certificate to match a wildcard name, e.g *.example.com
otherwise the first certificate when the client does not present a server name or the presented server name cannot be matched
When the server additionally requires client authentication:
if JksOptions were used to set the trust options
(options) then an exact match with the trust store
alias is done
otherwise the available CA certificates are used in the same way as if no SNI is in place
You can enable SNI on the server by setting setSni to true and
configured the server with multiple key/certificate pairs.
Java KeyStore files or PKCS12 files can store multiple key/cert pairs out of the box.
var keyCertOptions = JksOptions(
path = "keystore.jks",
password = "wibble")
var netServer = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
keyStoreOptions = keyCertOptions,
ssl = true,
sni = true))PemKeyCertOptions can be configured to hold multiple entries:
var keyCertOptions = PemKeyCertOptions(
keyPaths = listOf("default-key.pem", "host1-key.pem", "etc..."),
certPaths = listOf("default-cert.pem", "host2-key.pem", "etc..."))
var netServer = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
pemKeyCertOptions = keyCertOptions,
ssl = true,
sni = true))The client implicitly sends the connecting host as an SNI server name for Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN).
You can provide an explicit server name when connecting a socket
var client = vertx.createNetClient(NetClientOptions(
trustStoreOptions = trustOptions,
ssl = true))
// Connect to 'localhost' and present 'server.name' server name
client.connect(1234, "localhost", "server.name", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Connected!")
var socket = res.result()
} else {
println("Failed to connect: ${res.cause().getMessage()}")
}
})It can be used for different purposes:
present a server name different than the server host
present a server name while connecting to an IP
force to present a server name when using shortname
Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is a TLS extension for application layer protocol negotiation. It is used by HTTP/2: during the TLS handshake the client gives the list of application protocols it accepts and the server responds with a protocol it supports.
If you are using Java 9, you are fine and you can use HTTP/2 out of the box without extra steps.
Java 8 does not supports ALPN out of the box, so ALPN should be enabled by other means:
OpenSSL support
Jetty-ALPN support
The engine options to use is
the getSslEngineOptions options when it is set
JdkSSLEngineOptions when ALPN is available for JDK
OpenSSLEngineOptions when ALPN is available for OpenSSL
otherwise it fails
OpenSSL provides native ALPN support.
OpenSSL requires to configure setOpenSslEngineOptions
and use netty-tcnative jar on the classpath. Using tcnative may require
OpenSSL to be installed on your OS depending on the tcnative implementation.
Jetty-ALPN is a small jar that overrides a few classes of Java 8 distribution to support ALPN.
The JVM must be started with the alpn-boot-${version}.jar in its bootclasspath:
-Xbootclasspath/p:/path/to/alpn-boot${version}.jar
where ${version} depends on the JVM version, e.g. 8.1.7.v20160121 for OpenJDK 1.8.0u74 . The complete list is available on the Jetty-ALPN page.
The main drawback is that the version depends on the JVM.
To solve this problem the Jetty ALPN agent can be use instead. The agent is a JVM agent that will chose the correct ALPN version for the JVM running it:
-javaagent:/path/to/alpn/agent
The NetClient supports either a HTTP/1.x CONNECT, SOCKS4a or SOCKS5 proxy.
The proxy can be configured in the NetClientOptions by setting a
ProxyOptions object containing proxy type, hostname, port and optionally username and password.
Here’s an example:
var options = NetClientOptions(
proxyOptions = ProxyOptions(
type = ProxyType.SOCKS5,
host = "localhost",
port = 1080,
username = "username",
password = "secret"))
var client = vertx.createNetClient(options)The DNS resolution is always done on the proxy server, to achieve the functionality of a SOCKS4 client, it is necessary to resolve the DNS address locally.
Vert.x allows you to easily write non blocking HTTP clients and servers.
Vert.x supports the HTTP/1.0, HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 protocols.
The base API for HTTP is the same for HTTP/1.x and HTTP/2, specific API features are available for dealing with the HTTP/2 protocol.
The simplest way to create an HTTP server, using all default options is as follows:
var server = vertx.createHttpServer()If you don’t want the default, a server can be configured by passing in a HttpServerOptions
instance when creating it:
var options = HttpServerOptions(
maxWebSocketFrameSize = 1000000)
var server = vertx.createHttpServer(options)Vert.x supports HTTP/2 over TLS h2 and over TCP h2c.
h2 identifies the HTTP/2 protocol when used over TLS negotiated by Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN)
h2c identifies the HTTP/2 protocol when using in clear text over TCP, such connections are established either with
an HTTP/1.1 upgraded request or directly
To handle h2 requests, TLS must be enabled along with setUseAlpn:
var options = HttpServerOptions(
useAlpn = true,
ssl = true,
keyStoreOptions = JksOptions(
path = "/path/to/my/keystore"))
var server = vertx.createHttpServer(options)ALPN is a TLS extension that negotiates the protocol before the client and the server start to exchange data.
Clients that don’t support ALPN will still be able to do a classic SSL handshake.
ALPN will usually agree on the h2 protocol, although http/1.1 can be used if the server or the client decides
so.
To handle h2c requests, TLS must be disabled, the server will upgrade to HTTP/2 any request HTTP/1.1 that wants to
upgrade to HTTP/2. It will also accept a direct h2c connection beginning with the PRI * HTTP/2.0\r\nSM\r\n preface.
|
Warning
|
most browsers won’t support h2c, so for serving web sites you should use h2 and not h2c.
|
When a server accepts an HTTP/2 connection, it sends to the client its initial settings.
The settings define how the client can use the connection, the default initial settings for a server are:
getMaxConcurrentStreams: 100 as recommended by the HTTP/2 RFC
the default HTTP/2 settings values for the others
|
Note
|
Worker Verticles are not compatible with HTTP/2 |
For debugging purposes, network activity can be logged.
var options = HttpServerOptions(
logActivity = true)
var server = vertx.createHttpServer(options)See the chapter on logging network activity for a detailed explanation.
To tell the server to listen for incoming requests you use one of the listen
alternatives.
To tell the server to listen at the host and port as specified in the options:
var server = vertx.createHttpServer()
server.listen()Or to specify the host and port in the call to listen, ignoring what is configured in the options:
var server = vertx.createHttpServer()
server.listen(8080, "myhost.com")The default host is 0.0.0.0 which means 'listen on all available addresses' and the default port is 80.
The actual bind is asynchronous so the server might not actually be listening until some time after the call to listen has returned.
If you want to be notified when the server is actually listening you can provide a handler to the listen call.
For example:
var server = vertx.createHttpServer()
server.listen(8080, "myhost.com", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
println("Server is now listening!")
} else {
println("Failed to bind!")
}
})To be notified when a request arrives you need to set a requestHandler:
var server = vertx.createHttpServer()
server.requestHandler({ request ->
// Handle the request in here
})When a request arrives, the request handler is called passing in an instance of HttpServerRequest.
This object represents the server side HTTP request.
The handler is called when the headers of the request have been fully read.
If the request contains a body, that body will arrive at the server some time after the request handler has been called.
The server request object allows you to retrieve the uri,
path, params and
headers, amongst other things.
Each server request object is associated with one server response object. You use
response to get a reference to the HttpServerResponse
object.
Here’s a simple example of a server handling a request and replying with "hello world" to it.
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ request ->
request.response().end("Hello world")
}).listen(8080)The version of HTTP specified in the request can be retrieved with version
Use method to retrieve the HTTP method of the request.
(i.e. whether it’s GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, etc).
Use uri to retrieve the URI of the request.
Note that this is the actual URI as passed in the HTTP request, and it’s almost always a relative URI.
The URI is as defined in Section 5.1.2 of the HTTP specification - Request-URI
Use path to return the path part of the URI
For example, if the request URI was:
a/b/c/page.html?param1=abc¶m2=xyz
Then the path would be
/a/b/c/page.html
Use query to return the query part of the URI
For example, if the request URI was:
a/b/c/page.html?param1=abc¶m2=xyz
Then the query would be
param1=abc¶m2=xyz
Use headers to return the headers of the HTTP request.
This returns an instance of MultiMap - which is like a normal Map or Hash but allows multiple
values for the same key - this is because HTTP allows multiple header values with the same key.
It also has case-insensitive keys, that means you can do the following:
var headers = request.headers()
// Get the User-Agent:
println("User agent is ${headers.get("user-agent")}")
// You can also do this and get the same result:
println("User agent is ${headers.get("User-Agent")}")Use host to return the host of the HTTP request.
For HTTP/1.x requests the host header is returned, for HTTP/1 requests the :authority pseudo header is returned.
Use params to return the parameters of the HTTP request.
Just like headers this returns an instance of MultiMap
as there can be more than one parameter with the same name.
Request parameters are sent on the request URI, after the path. For example if the URI was:
/page.html?param1=abc¶m2=xyz
Then the parameters would contain the following:
param1: 'abc' param2: 'xyz
Note that these request parameters are retrieved from the URL of the request. If you have form attributes that
have been sent as part of the submission of an HTML form submitted in the body of a multi-part/form-data request
then they will not appear in the params here.
The address of the sender of the request can be retrieved with remoteAddress.
The URI passed in an HTTP request is usually relative. If you wish to retrieve the absolute URI corresponding
to the request, you can get it with absoluteURI
The endHandler of the request is invoked when the entire request,
including any body has been fully read.
Often an HTTP request contains a body that we want to read. As previously mentioned the request handler is called when just the headers of the request have arrived so the request object does not have a body at that point.
This is because the body may be very large (e.g. a file upload) and we don’t generally want to buffer the entire body in memory before handing it to you, as that could cause the server to exhaust available memory.
To receive the body, you can use the handler on the request,
this will get called every time a chunk of the request body arrives. Here’s an example:
request.handler({ buffer ->
println("I have received a chunk of the body of length ${buffer.length()}")
})The object passed into the handler is a Buffer, and the handler can be called
multiple times as data arrives from the network, depending on the size of the body.
In some cases (e.g. if the body is small) you will want to aggregate the entire body in memory, so you could do the aggregation yourself as follows:
// Create an empty buffer
var totalBuffer = Buffer.buffer()
request.handler({ buffer ->
println("I have received a chunk of the body of length ${buffer.length()}")
totalBuffer.appendBuffer(buffer)
})
request.endHandler({ v ->
println("Full body received, length = ${totalBuffer.length()}")
})This is such a common case, that Vert.x provides a bodyHandler to do this
for you. The body handler is called once when all the body has been received:
request.bodyHandler({ totalBuffer ->
println("Full body received, length = ${totalBuffer.length()}")
})The request object is a ReadStream so you can pipe the request body to any
WriteStream instance.
See the chapter on streams for a detailed explanation.
HTML forms can be submitted with either a content type of application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data.
For url encoded forms, the form attributes are encoded in the url, just like normal query parameters.
For multi-part forms they are encoded in the request body, and as such are not available until the entire body has been read from the wire.
Multi-part forms can also contain file uploads.
If you want to retrieve the attributes of a multi-part form you should tell Vert.x that you expect to receive
such a form before any of the body is read by calling setExpectMultipart
with true, and then you should retrieve the actual attributes using formAttributes
once the entire body has been read:
server.requestHandler({ request ->
request.setExpectMultipart(true)
request.endHandler({ v ->
// The body has now been fully read, so retrieve the form attributes
var formAttributes = request.formAttributes()
})
})Vert.x can also handle file uploads which are encoded in a multi-part request body.
To receive file uploads you tell Vert.x to expect a multi-part form and set an
uploadHandler on the request.
This handler will be called once for every upload that arrives on the server.
The object passed into the handler is a HttpServerFileUpload instance.
server.requestHandler({ request ->
request.setExpectMultipart(true)
request.uploadHandler({ upload ->
println("Got a file upload ${upload.name()}")
})
})File uploads can be large we don’t provide the entire upload in a single buffer as that might result in memory exhaustion, instead, the upload data is received in chunks:
request.uploadHandler({ upload ->
upload.handler({ chunk ->
println("Received a chunk of the upload of length ${chunk.length()}")
})
})The upload object is a ReadStream so you can pipe the request body to any
WriteStream instance. See the chapter on streams for a
detailed explanation.
If you just want to upload the file to disk somewhere you can use streamToFileSystem:
request.uploadHandler({ upload ->
upload.streamToFileSystem("myuploads_directory/${upload.filename()}")
})|
Warning
|
Make sure you check the filename in a production system to avoid malicious clients uploading files to arbitrary places on your filesystem. See security notes for more information. |
To remove a cookie, use removeCookie.
To add a cookie use addCookie.
The set of cookies will be written back in the response automatically when the response headers are written so the browser can store them.
Cookies are described by instances of Cookie. This allows you to retrieve the name,
value, domain, path and other normal cookie properties.
Same Site Cookies let servers require that a cookie shouldn’t be sent with cross-site (where Site is defined by the
registrable domain) requests, which provides some protection against cross-site request forgery attacks. This kind
of cookies are enabled using the setter: setSameSite.
Same site cookies can have one of 3 values:
None - The browser will send cookies with both cross-site requests and same-site requests.
Strict - he browser will only send cookies for same-site requests (requests originating from the site that set the cookie). If the request originated from a different URL than the URL of the current location, none of the cookies tagged with the Strict attribute will be included.
Lax - Same-site cookies are withheld on cross-site subrequests, such as calls to load images or frames, but will be sent when a user navigates to the URL from an external site; for example, by following a link.
Here’s an example of querying and adding cookies:
var someCookie = request.getCookie("mycookie")
var cookieValue = someCookie.getValue()
// Do something with cookie...
// Add a cookie - this will get written back in the response automatically
request.response().addCookie(Cookie.cookie("othercookie", "somevalue"))Vert.x can handle compressed body payloads which are encoded by the client with the deflate or gzip algorithms.
To enable decompression set setDecompressionSupported on the
options when creating the server.
By default decompression is disabled.
HTTP/2 is a framed protocol with various frames for the HTTP request/response model. The protocol allows other kind of frames to be sent and received.
To receive custom frames, you can use the customFrameHandler on the request,
this will get called every time a custom frame arrives. Here’s an example:
request.customFrameHandler({ frame ->
println("Received a frame type=${frame.type()} payload${frame.payload().toString()}")
})HTTP/2 frames are not subject to flow control - the frame handler will be called immediatly when a custom frame is received whether the request is paused or is not
The server response object is an instance of HttpServerResponse and is obtained from the
request with response.
You use the response object to write a response back to the HTTP client.
The default HTTP status code for a response is 200, representing OK.
Use setStatusCode to set a different code.
You can also specify a custom status message with setStatusMessage.
If you don’t specify a status message, the default one corresponding to the status code will be used.
|
Note
|
for HTTP/2 the status won’t be present in the response since the protocol won’t transmit the message to the client |
To write data to an HTTP response, you use one of the write operations.
These can be invoked multiple times before the response is ended. They can be invoked in a few ways:
With a single buffer:
var response = request.response()
response.write(buffer)With a string. In this case the string will encoded using UTF-8 and the result written to the wire.
var response = request.response()
response.write("hello world!")With a string and an encoding. In this case the string will encoded using the specified encoding and the result written to the wire.
var response = request.response()
response.write("hello world!", "UTF-16")Writing to a response is asynchronous and always returns immediately after the write has been queued.
If you are just writing a single string or buffer to the HTTP response you can write it and end the response in a
single call to the end
The first call to write results in the response header being written to the response. Consequently, if you are
not using HTTP chunking then you must set the Content-Length header before writing to the response, since it will
be too late otherwise. If you are using HTTP chunking you do not have to worry.
Once you have finished with the HTTP response you should end it.
This can be done in several ways:
With no arguments, the response is simply ended.
var response = request.response()
response.write("hello world!")
response.end()It can also be called with a string or buffer in the same way write is called. In this case it’s just the same as
calling write with a string or buffer followed by calling end with no arguments. For example:
var response = request.response()
response.end("hello world!")You can close the underlying TCP connection with close.
Non keep-alive connections will be automatically closed by Vert.x when the response is ended.
Keep-alive connections are not automatically closed by Vert.x by default. If you want keep-alive connections to be
closed after an idle time, then you configure setIdleTimeout.
HTTP/2 connections send a {@literal GOAWAY} frame before closing the response.
HTTP response headers can be added to the response by adding them directly to the
headers:
var response = request.response()
var headers = response.headers()
headers.set("content-type", "text/html")
headers.set("other-header", "wibble")Or you can use putHeader
var response = request.response()
response.putHeader("content-type", "text/html").putHeader("other-header", "wibble")Headers must all be added before any parts of the response body are written.
Vert.x supports HTTP Chunked Transfer Encoding.
This allows the HTTP response body to be written in chunks, and is normally used when a large response body is being streamed to a client and the total size is not known in advance.
You put the HTTP response into chunked mode as follows:
var response = request.response()
response.setChunked(true)Default is non-chunked. When in chunked mode, each call to one of the write
methods will result in a new HTTP chunk being written out.
When in chunked mode you can also write HTTP response trailers to the response. These are actually written in the final chunk of the response.
|
Note
|
chunked response has no effect for an HTTP/2 stream |
To add trailers to the response, add them directly to the trailers.
var response = request.response()
response.setChunked(true)
var trailers = response.trailers()
trailers.set("X-wibble", "woobble").set("X-quux", "flooble")Or use putTrailer.
var response = request.response()
response.setChunked(true)
response.putTrailer("X-wibble", "woobble").putTrailer("X-quux", "flooble")If you were writing a web server, one way to serve a file from disk would be to open it as an AsyncFile
and pipe it to the HTTP response.
Or you could load it it one go using readFile and write it straight to the response.
Alternatively, Vert.x provides a method which allows you to serve a file from disk or the filesystem to an HTTP response in one operation. Where supported by the underlying operating system this may result in the OS directly transferring bytes from the file to the socket without being copied through user-space at all.
This is done by using sendFile, and is usually more efficient for large
files, but may be slower for small files.
Here’s a very simple web server that serves files from the file system using sendFile:
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ request ->
var file = ""
if (request.path() == "/") {
file = "index.html"
} else if (!request.path().contains("..")) {
file = request.path()
}
request.response().sendFile("web/${file}")
}).listen(8080)Sending a file is asynchronous and may not complete until some time after the call has returned. If you want to
be notified when the file has been writen you can use sendFile
Please see the chapter about serving files from the classpath for restrictions about the classpath resolution or disabling it.
|
Note
|
If you use sendFile while using HTTPS it will copy through user-space, since if the kernel is copying data
directly from disk to socket it doesn’t give us an opportunity to apply any encryption.
|
|
Warning
|
If you’re going to write web servers directly using Vert.x be careful that users cannot exploit the path to access files outside the directory from which you want to serve them or the classpath It may be safer instead to use Vert.x Web. |
When there is a need to serve just a segment of a file, say starting from a given byte, you can achieve this by doing:
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ request ->
var offset = 0
try {
offset = Long.parseLong(request.getParam("start"))
} catch(e: Exception) {
// error handling...
}
var end = Long.MAX_VALUE
try {
end = Long.parseLong(request.getParam("end"))
} catch(e: Exception) {
// error handling...
}
request.response().sendFile("web/mybigfile.txt", offset, end)
}).listen(8080)You are not required to supply the length if you want to send a file starting from an offset until the end, in this case you can just do:
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ request ->
var offset = 0
try {
offset = Long.parseLong(request.getParam("start"))
} catch(e: Exception) {
// error handling...
}
request.response().sendFile("web/mybigfile.txt", offset)
}).listen(8080)The server response is a WriteStream instance so you can pipe to it from any
ReadStream, e.g. AsyncFile, NetSocket,
WebSocket or HttpServerRequest.
Here’s an example which echoes the request body back in the response for any PUT methods. It uses a pipe for the body, so it will work even if the HTTP request body is much larger than can fit in memory at any one time:
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ request ->
var response = request.response()
if (request.method() == HttpMethod.PUT) {
response.setChunked(true)
request.pipeTo(response)
} else {
response.setStatusCode(400).end()
}
}).listen(8080)HTTP/2 is a framed protocol with various frames for the HTTP request/response model. The protocol allows other kind of frames to be sent and received.
To send such frames, you can use the writeCustomFrame on the response.
Here’s an example:
var frameType = 40
var frameStatus = 10
var payload = Buffer.buffer("some data")
// Sending a frame to the client
response.writeCustomFrame(frameType, frameStatus, payload)These frames are sent immediately and are not subject to flow control - when such frame is sent there it may be done before other {@literal DATA} frames.
HTTP/1.x does not allow a clean reset of a request or a response stream, for example when a client uploads a resource already present on the server, the server needs to accept the entire response.
HTTP/2 supports stream reset at any time during the request/response:
// Reset the stream
request.response().reset()By default the NO_ERROR (0) error code is sent, another code can sent instead:
// Cancel the stream
request.response().reset(8)The HTTP/2 specification defines the list of error codes one can use.
The request handler are notified of stream reset events with the request handler and
response handler:
request.response().exceptionHandler({ err ->
if (err is io.vertx.core.http.StreamResetException) {
var reset = err
println("Stream reset ${reset.getCode()}")
}
})Server push is a new feature of HTTP/2 that enables sending multiple responses in parallel for a single client request.
When a server process a request, it can push a request/response to the client:
var response = request.response()
// Push main.js to the client
response.push(HttpMethod.GET, "/main.js", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// The server is ready to push the response
var pushedResponse = ar.result()
// Send main.js response
pushedResponse.putHeader("content-type", "application/json").end("alert(\"Push response hello\")")
} else {
println("Could not push client resource ${ar.cause()}")
}
})
// Send the requested resource
response.sendFile("<html><head><script src=\"/main.js\"></script></head><body></body></html>")When the server is ready to push the response, the push response handler is called and the handler can send the response.
The push response handler may receive a failure, for instance the client may cancel the push because it already has main.js in its
cache and does not want it anymore.
The push method must be called before the initiating response ends, however
the pushed response can be written after.
You can set an exceptionHandler to receive any
exceptions that happens before the connection is passed to the requestHandler
or to the webSocketHandler, e.g during the TLS handshake.
Vert.x comes with support for HTTP Compression out of the box.
This means you are able to automatically compress the body of the responses before they are sent back to the client.
If the client does not support HTTP compression the responses are sent back without compressing the body.
This allows to handle Client that support HTTP Compression and those that not support it at the same time.
To enable compression use can configure it with setCompressionSupported.
By default compression is not enabled.
When HTTP compression is enabled the server will check if the client includes an Accept-Encoding header which
includes the supported compressions. Commonly used are deflate and gzip. Both are supported by Vert.x.
If such a header is found the server will automatically compress the body of the response with one of the supported compressions and send it back to the client.
Whenever the response needs to be sent without compression you can set the header content-encoding to identity:
// Disable compression and send an image
request.response().putHeader(io.vertx.core.http.HttpHeaders.CONTENT_ENCODING, io.vertx.core.http.HttpHeaders.IDENTITY).sendFile("/path/to/image.jpg")Be aware that compression may be able to reduce network traffic but is more CPU-intensive.
To address this latter issue Vert.x allows you to tune the 'compression level' parameter that is native of the gzip/deflate compression algorithms.
Compression level allows to configure gizp/deflate algorithms in terms of the compression ratio of the resulting data and the computational cost of the compress/decompress operation.
The compression level is an integer value ranged from '1' to '9', where '1' means lower compression ratio but fastest algorithm and '9' means maximum compression ratio available but a slower algorithm.
Using compression levels higher that 1-2 usually allows to save just some bytes in size - the gain is not linear, and depends on the specific data to be compressed - but it comports a non-trascurable cost in term of CPU cycles required to the server while generating the compressed response data ( Note that at moment Vert.x doesn’t support any form caching of compressed response data, even for static files, so the compression is done on-the-fly at every request body generation ) and in the same way it affects client(s) while decoding (inflating) received responses, operation that becomes more CPU-intensive the more the level increases.
By default - if compression is enabled via setCompressionSupported - Vert.x will use '6' as compression level,
but the parameter can be configured to address any case with setCompressionLevel.
You create an HttpClient instance with default options as follows:
var client = vertx.createHttpClient()If you want to configure options for the client, you create it as follows:
var options = HttpClientOptions(
keepAlive = false)
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)Vert.x supports HTTP/2 over TLS h2 and over TCP h2c.
By default the http client performs HTTP/1.1 requests, to perform HTTP/2 requests the setProtocolVersion
must be set to HTTP_2.
For h2 requests, TLS must be enabled with Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation:
var options = HttpClientOptions(
protocolVersion = HttpVersion.HTTP_2,
ssl = true,
useAlpn = true,
trustAll = true)
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)For h2c requests, TLS must be disabled, the client will do an HTTP/1.1 requests and try an upgrade to HTTP/2:
var options = HttpClientOptions(
protocolVersion = HttpVersion.HTTP_2)
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)h2c connections can also be established directly, i.e connection started with a prior knowledge, when
setHttp2ClearTextUpgrade options is set to false: after the
connection is established, the client will send the HTTP/2 connection preface and expect to receive
the same preface from the server.
The http server may not support HTTP/2, the actual version can be checked
with version when the response arrives.
When a clients connects to an HTTP/2 server, it sends to the server its initial settings.
The settings define how the server can use the connection, the default initial settings for a client are the default
values defined by the HTTP/2 RFC.
For debugging purposes, network activity can be logged.
var options = HttpClientOptions(
logActivity = true)
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)See the chapter on logging network activity for a detailed explanation.
The http client is very flexible and there are various ways you can make requests with it.
Often you want to make many requests to the same host/port with an http client. To avoid you repeating the host/port every time you make a request you can configure the client with a default host/port:
// Set the default host
var options = HttpClientOptions(
defaultHost = "wibble.com")
// Can also set default port if you want...
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)
client.getNow("/some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})Alternatively if you find yourself making lots of requests to different host/ports with the same client you can simply specify the host/port when doing the request.
var client = vertx.createHttpClient()
// Specify both port and host name
client.getNow(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})
// This time use the default port 80 but specify the host name
client.getNow("foo.othercompany.com", "/other-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})Both methods of specifying host/port are supported for all the different ways of making requests with the client.
Often, you’ll want to make HTTP requests with no request body. This is usually the case with HTTP GET, OPTIONS and HEAD requests.
The simplest way to do this with the Vert.x http client is using the methods suffixed with Now. For example
getNow.
These methods create the http request and send it in a single method call and allow you to provide a handler that will be called with the http response when it comes back.
var client = vertx.createHttpClient()
// Send a GET request
client.getNow("/some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})
// Send a GET request
client.headNow("/other-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})At other times you don’t know the request method you want to send until run-time. For that use case we provide
general purpose request methods such as request which allow you to specify
the HTTP method at run-time:
var client = vertx.createHttpClient()
client.request(HttpMethod.GET, "some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
}).end()
client.request(HttpMethod.POST, "foo-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
}).end("some-data")Sometimes you’ll want to write requests which have a body, or perhaps you want to write headers to a request before sending it.
To do this you can call one of the specific request methods such as post or
one of the general purpose request methods such as request.
These methods don’t send the request immediately, but instead return an instance of HttpClientRequest
which can be used to write to the request body or write headers.
Here are some examples of writing a POST request with a body: m
var client = vertx.createHttpClient()
var request = client.post("some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})
// Now do stuff with the request
request.putHeader("content-length", "1000")
request.putHeader("content-type", "text/plain")
request.write(body)
// Make sure the request is ended when you're done with it
request.end()
// Or fluently:
client.post("some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
}).putHeader("content-length", "1000").putHeader("content-type", "text/plain").write(body).end()
// Or event more simply:
client.post("some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
}).putHeader("content-type", "text/plain").end(body)Methods exist to write strings in UTF-8 encoding and in any specific encoding and to write buffers:
// Write string encoded in UTF-8
request.write("some data")
// Write string encoded in specific encoding
request.write("some other data", "UTF-16")
// Write a buffer
var buffer = Buffer.buffer()
buffer.appendInt(123).appendLong(245L)
request.write(buffer)If you are just writing a single string or buffer to the HTTP request you can write it and end the request in a
single call to the end function.
// Write string and end the request (send it) in a single call
request.end("some simple data")
// Write buffer and end the request (send it) in a single call
var buffer = Buffer.buffer().appendDouble(12.34).appendLong(432L)
request.end(buffer)When you’re writing to a request, the first call to write will result in the request headers being written
out to the wire.
The actual write is asynchronous and might not occur until some time after the call has returned.
Non-chunked HTTP requests with a request body require a Content-Length header to be provided.
Consequently, if you are not using chunked HTTP then you must set the Content-Length header before writing
to the request, as it will be too late otherwise.
If you are calling one of the end methods that take a string or buffer then Vert.x will automatically calculate
and set the Content-Length header before writing the request body.
If you are using HTTP chunking a a Content-Length header is not required, so you do not have to calculate the size
up-front.
You can write headers to a request using the headers multi-map as follows:
// Write some headers using the headers() multimap
var headers = request.headers()
headers.set("content-type", "application/json").set("other-header", "foo")The headers are an instance of MultiMap which provides operations for adding, setting and removing
entries. Http headers allow more than one value for a specific key.
You can also write headers using putHeader
// Write some headers using the putHeader method
request.putHeader("content-type", "application/json").putHeader("other-header", "foo")If you wish to write headers to the request you must do so before any part of the request body is written.
The OTHER HTTP method is used for non standard methods, when this method
is used, setRawMethod must be used to
set the raw method to send to the server.
Once you have finished with the HTTP request you must end it with one of the end
operations.
Ending a request causes any headers to be written, if they have not already been written and the request to be marked as complete.
Requests can be ended in several ways. With no arguments the request is simply ended:
request.end()Or a string or buffer can be provided in the call to end. This is like calling write with the string or buffer
before calling end with no arguments
// End the request with a string
request.end("some-data")
// End it with a buffer
var buffer = Buffer.buffer().appendFloat(12.3f).appendInt(321)
request.end(buffer)Vert.x supports HTTP Chunked Transfer Encoding for requests.
This allows the HTTP request body to be written in chunks, and is normally used when a large request body is being streamed to the server, whose size is not known in advance.
You put the HTTP request into chunked mode using setChunked.
In chunked mode each call to write will cause a new chunk to be written to the wire. In chunked mode there is
no need to set the Content-Length of the request up-front.
request.setChunked(true)
// Write some chunks
for (i in 0 until 10) {
request.write("this-is-chunk-${i}")
}
request.end()You can set a timeout for a specific http request using setTimeout.
If the request does not return any data within the timeout period an exception will be passed to the exception handler (if provided) and the request will be closed.
You can handle exceptions corresponding to a request by setting an exception handler on the
HttpClientRequest instance:
var request = client.post("some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})
request.exceptionHandler({ e ->
println("Received exception: ${e.getMessage()}")
e.printStackTrace()
})This does not handle non 2xx response that need to be handled in the
HttpClientResponse code:
var request = client.post("some-uri", { response ->
if (response.statusCode() == 200) {
println("Everything fine")
return
}
if (response.statusCode() == 500) {
println("Unexpected behavior on the server side")
return
}
})
request.end()|
Important
|
XXXNow methods cannot receive an exception handler.
|
Instead of providing a response handler in the call to create the client request object, alternatively, you can
not provide a handler when the request is created and set it later on the request object itself, using
handler, for example:
var request = client.post("some-uri")
request.handler({ response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})The HttpClientRequest instance is also a WriteStream which means
you can pump to it from any ReadStream instance.
For, example, you could pump a file on disk to a http request body as follows:
request.setChunked(true)
var pump = Pump.pump(file, request)
file.endHandler({ v ->
request.end()
})
pump.start()HTTP/2 is a framed protocol with various frames for the HTTP request/response model. The protocol allows other kind of frames to be sent and received.
To send such frames, you can use the write on the request. Here’s an example:
var frameType = 40
var frameStatus = 10
var payload = Buffer.buffer("some data")
// Sending a frame to the server
request.writeCustomFrame(frameType, frameStatus, payload)HTTP/1.x does not allow a clean reset of a request or a response stream, for example when a client uploads a resource already present on the server, the server needs to accept the entire response.
HTTP/2 supports stream reset at any time during the request/response:
request.reset()By default the NO_ERROR (0) error code is sent, another code can sent instead:
request.reset(8)The HTTP/2 specification defines the list of error codes one can use.
The request handler are notified of stream reset events with the request handler and
response handler:
request.exceptionHandler({ err ->
if (err is io.vertx.core.http.StreamResetException) {
var reset = err
println("Stream reset ${reset.getCode()}")
}
})You receive an instance of HttpClientResponse into the handler that you specify in of
the request methods or by setting a handler directly on the HttpClientRequest object.
You can query the status code and the status message of the response with statusCode
and statusMessage.
client.getNow("some-uri", { response ->
// the status code - e.g. 200 or 404
println("Status code is ${response.statusCode()}")
// the status message e.g. "OK" or "Not Found".
println("Status message is ${response.statusMessage()}")
})The HttpClientResponse instance is also a ReadStream which means
you can pipe it to any WriteStream instance.
Http responses can contain headers. Use headers to get the headers.
The object returned is a MultiMap as HTTP headers can contain multiple values for single keys.
var contentType = response.headers().get("content-type")
var contentLength = response.headers().get("content-lengh")Chunked HTTP responses can also contain trailers - these are sent in the last chunk of the response body.
The response handler is called when the headers of the response have been read from the wire.
If the response has a body this might arrive in several pieces some time after the headers have been read. We don’t wait for all the body to arrive before calling the response handler as the response could be very large and we might be waiting a long time, or run out of memory for large responses.
As parts of the response body arrive, the handler is called with
a Buffer representing the piece of the body:
client.getNow("some-uri", { response ->
response.handler({ buffer ->
println("Received a part of the response body: ${buffer}")
})
})If you know the response body is not very large and want to aggregate it all in memory before handling it, you can either aggregate it yourself:
client.getNow("some-uri", { response ->
// Create an empty buffer
var totalBuffer = Buffer.buffer()
response.handler({ buffer ->
println("Received a part of the response body: ${buffer.length()}")
totalBuffer.appendBuffer(buffer)
})
response.endHandler({ v ->
// Now all the body has been read
println("Total response body length is ${totalBuffer.length()}")
})
})Or you can use the convenience bodyHandler which
is called with the entire body when the response has been fully read:
client.getNow("some-uri", { response ->
response.bodyHandler({ totalBuffer ->
// Now all the body has been read
println("Total response body length is ${totalBuffer.length()}")
})
})The response endHandler is called when the entire response body has been read
or immediately after the headers have been read and the response handler has been called if there is no body.
You can retrieve the list of cookies from a response using cookies.
Alternatively you can just parse the Set-Cookie headers yourself in the response.
The client can be configured to follow HTTP redirections provided by the Location response header when the client receives:
a 301, 302, 307 or 308 status code along with a HTTP GET or HEAD method
a 303 status code, in addition the directed request perform an HTTP GET methodn
Here’s an example:
client.get("some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
}).setFollowRedirects(true).end()The maximum redirects is 16 by default and can be changed with setMaxRedirects.
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(HttpClientOptions(
maxRedirects = 32))
client.get("some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
}).setFollowRedirects(true).end()One size does not fit all and the default redirection policy may not be adapted to your needs.
The default redirection policy can changed with a custom implementation:
client.redirectHandler({ response ->
// Only follow 301 code
if (response.statusCode() == 301 && response.getHeader("Location") != null) {
// Compute the redirect URI
var absoluteURI = resolveURI(response.request().absoluteURI(), response.getHeader("Location"))
// Create a new ready to use request that the client will use
return Future.succeededFuture(client.getAbs(absoluteURI))
}
// We don't redirect
return null
})The policy handles the original HttpClientResponse received and returns either null
or a Future<HttpClientRequest>.
when null is returned, the original response is processed
when a future is returned, the request will be sent on its successful completion
when a future is returned, the exception handler set on the request is called on its failure
The returned request must be unsent so the original request handlers can be sent and the client can send it after.
Most of the original request settings will be propagated to the new request:
request headers, unless if you have set some headers (including setHost)
request body unless the returned request uses a GET method
response handler
request exception handler
request timeout
According to the HTTP 1.1 specification a client can set a
header Expect: 100-Continue and send the request header before sending the rest of the request body.
The server can then respond with an interim response status Status: 100 (Continue) to signify to the client that
it is ok to send the rest of the body.
The idea here is it allows the server to authorise and accept/reject the request before large amounts of data are sent. Sending large amounts of data if the request might not be accepted is a waste of bandwidth and ties up the server in reading data that it will just discard.
Vert.x allows you to set a continueHandler on the
client request object
This will be called if the server sends back a Status: 100 (Continue) response to signify that it is ok to send
the rest of the request.
This is used in conjunction with `sendHead`to send the head of the request.
Here’s an example:
var request = client.put("some-uri", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})
request.putHeader("Expect", "100-Continue")
request.continueHandler({ v ->
// OK to send rest of body
request.write("Some data")
request.write("Some more data")
request.end()
})On the server side a Vert.x http server can be configured to automatically send back 100 Continue interim responses
when it receives an Expect: 100-Continue header.
This is done by setting the option setHandle100ContinueAutomatically.
If you’d prefer to decide whether to send back continue responses manually, then this property should be set to
false (the default), then you can inspect the headers and call writeContinue
to have the client continue sending the body:
httpServer.requestHandler({ request ->
if (request.getHeader("Expect").equalsIgnoreCase("100-Continue")) {
// Send a 100 continue response
request.response().writeContinue()
// The client should send the body when it receives the 100 response
request.bodyHandler({ body ->
// Do something with body
})
request.endHandler({ v ->
request.response().end()
})
}
})You can also reject the request by sending back a failure status code directly: in this case the body should either be ignored or the connection should be closed (100-Continue is a performance hint and cannot be a logical protocol constraint):
httpServer.requestHandler({ request ->
if (request.getHeader("Expect").equalsIgnoreCase("100-Continue")) {
//
var rejectAndClose = true
if (rejectAndClose) {
// Reject with a failure code and close the connection
// this is probably best with persistent connection
request.response().setStatusCode(405).putHeader("Connection", "close").end()
} else {
// Reject with a failure code and ignore the body
// this may be appropriate if the body is small
request.response().setStatusCode(405).end()
}
}
})Server push is a new feature of HTTP/2 that enables sending multiple responses in parallel for a single client request.
A push handler can be set on a request to receive the request/response pushed by the server:
var request = client.get("/index.html", { response ->
// Process index.html response
})
// Set a push handler to be aware of any resource pushed by the server
request.pushHandler({ pushedRequest ->
// A resource is pushed for this request
println("Server pushed ${pushedRequest.path()}")
// Set an handler for the response
pushedRequest.handler({ pushedResponse ->
println("The response for the pushed request")
})
})
// End the request
request.end()If the client does not want to receive a pushed request, it can reset the stream:
request.pushHandler({ pushedRequest ->
if (pushedRequest.path() == "/main.js") {
pushedRequest.reset()
} else {
// Handle it
}
})When no handler is set, any stream pushed will be automatically cancelled by the client with
a stream reset (8 error code).
HTTP/2 is a framed protocol with various frames for the HTTP request/response model. The protocol allows other kind of frames to be sent and received.
To receive custom frames, you can use the customFrameHandler on the request, this will get called every time a custom frame arrives. Here’s an example:
response.customFrameHandler({ frame ->
println("Received a frame type=${frame.type()} payload${frame.payload().toString()}")
})The http client comes with support for HTTP Compression out of the box.
This means the client can let the remote http server know that it supports compression, and will be able to handle compressed response bodies.
An http server is free to either compress with one of the supported compression algorithms or to send the body back without compressing it at all. So this is only a hint for the Http server which it may ignore at will.
To tell the http server which compression is supported by the client it will include an Accept-Encoding header with
the supported compression algorithm as value. Multiple compression algorithms are supported. In case of Vert.x this
will result in the following header added:
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
The server will choose then from one of these. You can detect if a server ompressed the body by checking for the
Content-Encoding header in the response sent back from it.
If the body of the response was compressed via gzip it will include for example the following header:
Content-Encoding: gzip
To enable compression set setTryUseCompression on the options
used when creating the client.
By default compression is disabled.
Http keep alive allows http connections to be used for more than one request. This can be a more efficient use of connections when you’re making multiple requests to the same server.
For HTTP/1.x versions, the http client supports pooling of connections, allowing you to reuse connections between requests.
For pooling to work, keep alive must be true using setKeepAlive
on the options used when configuring the client. The default value is true.
When keep alive is enabled. Vert.x will add a Connection: Keep-Alive header to each HTTP/1.0 request sent.
When keep alive is disabled. Vert.x will add a Connection: Close header to each HTTP/1.1 request sent to signal
that the connection will be closed after completion of the response.
The maximum number of connections to pool for each server is configured using setMaxPoolSize
When making a request with pooling enabled, Vert.x will create a new connection if there are less than the maximum number of connections already created for that server, otherwise it will add the request to a queue.
Keep alive connections will be closed by the client automatically after a timeout. The timeout can be specified
by the server using the keep-alive header:
keep-alive: timeout=30
You can set the default timeout using setKeepAliveTimeout - any
connections not used within this timeout will be closed. Please note the timeout value is in seconds not milliseconds.
The client also supports pipe-lining of requests on a connection.
Pipe-lining means another request is sent on the same connection before the response from the preceding one has returned. Pipe-lining is not appropriate for all requests.
To enable pipe-lining, it must be enabled using setPipelining.
By default pipe-lining is disabled.
When pipe-lining is enabled requests will be written to connections without waiting for previous responses to return.
The number of pipe-lined requests over a single connection is limited by setPipeliningLimit.
This option defines the maximum number of http requests sent to the server awaiting for a response. This limit ensures the
fairness of the distribution of the client requests over the connections to the same server.
HTTP/2 advocates to use a single connection to a server, by default the http client uses a single connection for each server, all the streams to the same server are multiplexed over the same connection.
When the clients needs to use more than a single connection and use pooling, the setHttp2MaxPoolSize
shall be used.
When it is desirable to limit the number of multiplexed streams per connection and use a connection
pool instead of a single connection, setHttp2MultiplexingLimit
can be used.
var clientOptions = HttpClientOptions(
http2MultiplexingLimit = 10,
http2MaxPoolSize = 3)
// Uses up to 3 connections and up to 10 streams per connection
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(clientOptions)The multiplexing limit for a connection is a setting set on the client that limits the number of streams
of a single connection. The effective value can be even lower if the server sets a lower limit
with the SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS setting.
HTTP/2 connections will not be closed by the client automatically. To close them you can call close
or close the client instance.
Alternatively you can set idle timeout using setIdleTimeout - any
connections not used within this timeout will be closed. Please note the idle timeout value is in seconds not milliseconds.
The HttpConnection offers the API for dealing with HTTP connection events, lifecycle
and settings.
HTTP/2 implements fully the HttpConnection API.
HTTP/1.x implements partially the HttpConnection API: only the close operation,
the close handler and exception handler are implemented. This protocol does not provide semantics for
the other operations.
The connection method returns the request connection on the server:
var connection = request.connection()A connection handler can be set on the server to be notified of any incoming connection:
var server = vertx.createHttpServer(http2Options)
server.connectionHandler({ connection ->
println("A client connected")
})The connection method returns the request connection on the client:
var connection = request.connection()A connection handler can be set on the client to be notified when a connection has been established happens:
client.connectionHandler({ connection ->
println("Connected to the server")
})The configuration of an HTTP/2 is configured by the Http2Settings data object.
Each endpoint must respect the settings sent by the other side of the connection.
When a connection is established, the client and the server exchange initial settings. Initial settings
are configured by setInitialSettings on the client and
setInitialSettings on the server.
The settings can be changed at any time after the connection is established:
connection.updateSettings(Http2Settings(
maxConcurrentStreams = 100))As the remote side should acknowledge on reception of the settings update, it’s possible to give a callback to be notified of the acknowledgment:
connection.updateSettings(Http2Settings(
maxConcurrentStreams = 100), { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println("The settings update has been acknowledged ")
}
})Conversely the remoteSettingsHandler is notified
when the new remote settings are received:
connection.remoteSettingsHandler({ settings ->
println("Received new settings")
})|
Note
|
this only applies to the HTTP/2 protocol |
HTTP/2 connection ping is useful for determining the connection round-trip time or check the connection
validity: ping sends a {@literal PING} frame to the remote
endpoint:
var data = Buffer.buffer()
for (i in 0 until 8) {
data.appendByte(i)
}
connection.ping(data, { pong ->
println("Remote side replied")
})Vert.x will send automatically an acknowledgement when a {@literal PING} frame is received, an handler can be set to be notified for each ping received:
connection.pingHandler({ ping ->
println("Got pinged by remote side")
})The handler is just notified, the acknowledgement is sent whatsoever. Such feature is aimed for implementing protocols on top of HTTP/2.
|
Note
|
this only applies to the HTTP/2 protocol |
Calling shutdown will send a {@literal GOAWAY} frame to the
remote side of the connection, asking it to stop creating streams: a client will stop doing new requests
and a server will stop pushing responses. After the {@literal GOAWAY} frame is sent, the connection
waits some time (30 seconds by default) until all current streams closed and close the connection:
connection.shutdown()The shutdownHandler notifies when all streams have been closed, the
connection is not yet closed.
It’s possible to just send a {@literal GOAWAY} frame, the main difference with a shutdown is that it will just tell the remote side of the connection to stop creating new streams without scheduling a connection close:
connection.goAway(0)Conversely, it is also possible to be notified when {@literal GOAWAY} are received:
connection.goAwayHandler({ goAway ->
println("Received a go away frame")
})The shutdownHandler will be called when all current streams
have been closed and the connection can be closed:
connection.goAway(0)
connection.shutdownHandler({ v ->
// All streams are closed, close the connection
connection.close()
})This applies also when a {@literal GOAWAY} is received.
|
Note
|
this only applies to the HTTP/2 protocol |
Connection close closes the connection:
it closes the socket for HTTP/1.x
a shutdown with no delay for HTTP/2, the {@literal GOAWAY} frame will still be sent before the connection is closed. *
The closeHandler notifies when a connection is closed.
The HttpClient can be used in a Verticle or embedded.
When used in a Verticle, the Verticle should use its own client instance.
More generally a client should not be shared between different Vert.x contexts as it can lead to unexpected behavior.
For example a keep-alive connection will call the client handlers on the context of the request that opened the connection, subsequent requests will use the same context.
When this happen Vert.x detects it and log a warn:
Reusing a connection with a different context: an HttpClient is probably shared between different Verticles
The HttpClient can be embedded in a non Vert.x thread like a unit test or a plain java main: the client handlers
will be called by different Vert.x threads and contexts, such contexts are created as needed. For production this
usage is not recommended.
When several HTTP servers listen on the same port, vert.x orchestrates the request handling using a round-robin strategy.
Let’s take a verticle creating a HTTP server such as:
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ request ->
request.response().end("Hello from server ${this}")
}).listen(8080)This service is listening on the port 8080. So, when this verticle is instantiated multiple times as with:
vertx run io.vertx.examples.http.sharing.HttpServerVerticle -instances 2, what’s happening ? If both
verticles would bind to the same port, you would receive a socket exception. Fortunately, vert.x is handling
this case for you. When you deploy another server on the same host and port as an existing server it doesn’t
actually try and create a new server listening on the same host/port. It binds only once to the socket. When
receiving a request it calls the server handlers following a round robin strategy.
Let’s now imagine a client such as:
vertx.setPeriodic(100, { l ->
vertx.createHttpClient().getNow(8080, "localhost", "/", { resp ->
resp.bodyHandler({ body ->
println(body.toString("ISO-8859-1"))
})
})
})Vert.x delegates the requests to one of the server sequentially:
Hello from [email protected]
Hello from [email protected]
Hello from [email protected]
Hello from [email protected]
...Consequently the servers can scale over available cores while each Vert.x verticle instance remains strictly single threaded, and you don’t have to do any special tricks like writing load-balancers in order to scale your server on your multi-core machine.
Vert.x http servers and clients can be configured to use HTTPS in exactly the same way as net servers.
Please see configuring net servers to use SSL for more information.
SSL can also be enabled/disabled per request with RequestOptions or when
specifying a scheme with requestAbs
method.
client.getNow(RequestOptions(
host = "localhost",
port = 8080,
uRI = "/",
ssl = true), { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})The setSsl setting acts as the default client setting.
The setSsl overrides the default client setting
setting the value to false will disable SSL/TLS even if the client is configured to use SSL/TLS
setting the value to true will enable SSL/TLS even if the client is configured to not use SSL/TLS, the actual
client SSL/TLS (such as trust, key/certificate, ciphers, ALPN, …) will be reused
Likewise requestAbs scheme
also overrides the default client setting.
Vert.x http servers can be configured to use SNI in exactly the same way as {@linkplain io.vertx.core.net net servers}.
Vert.x http client will present the actual hostname as server name during the TLS handshake.
WebSockets are a web technology that allows a full duplex socket-like connection between HTTP servers and HTTP clients (typically browsers).
Vert.x supports WebSockets on both the client and server-side.
There are two ways of handling WebSockets on the server side.
The first way involves providing a webSocketHandler
on the server instance.
When a WebSocket connection is made to the server, the handler will be called, passing in an instance of
ServerWebSocket.
server.webSocketHandler({ webSocket ->
println("Connected!")
})You can choose to reject the WebSocket by calling reject.
server.webSocketHandler({ webSocket ->
if (webSocket.path() == "/myapi") {
webSocket.reject()
} else {
// Do something
}
})You can perform an asynchronous handshake by calling setHandshake with a Future:
server.webSocketHandler({ webSocket ->
var promise = Promise.promise<Any>()
webSocket.setHandshake(promise.future())
authenticate(webSocket.headers(), { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Terminate the handshake with the status code 101 (Switching Protocol)
// Reject the handshake with 401 (Unauthorized)
promise.complete(ar.succeeded() ? 101 : 401)
} else {
// Will send a 500 error
promise.fail(ar.cause())
}
})
})|
Note
|
the WebSocket will be automatically accepted after the handler is called unless the WebSocket’s handshake has been set |
The second way of handling WebSockets is to handle the HTTP Upgrade request that was sent from the client, and
call upgrade on the server request.
server.requestHandler({ request ->
if (request.path() == "/myapi") {
var webSocket = request.upgrade()
// Do something
} else {
// Reject
request.response().setStatusCode(400).end()
}
})The ServerWebSocket instance enables you to retrieve the headers,
path, query and
URI of the HTTP request of the WebSocket handshake.
The Vert.x HttpClient supports WebSockets.
You can connect a WebSocket to a server using one of the webSocket operations and
providing a handler.
The handler will be called with an instance of WebSocket when the connection has been made:
client.webSocket("/some-uri", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
var ws = res.result()
println("Connected!")
}
})If you wish to write a single WebSocket message to the WebSocket you can do this with
writeBinaryMessage or
writeTextMessage :
// Write a simple binary message
var buffer = Buffer.buffer().appendInt(123).appendFloat(1.23f)
webSocket.writeBinaryMessage(buffer)
// Write a simple text message
var message = "hello"
webSocket.writeTextMessage(message)If the WebSocket message is larger than the maximum WebSocket frame size as configured with
setMaxWebSocketFrameSize
then Vert.x will split it into multiple WebSocket frames before sending it on the wire.
A WebSocket message can be composed of multiple frames. In this case the first frame is either a binary or text frame followed by zero or more continuation frames.
The last frame in the message is marked as final.
To send a message consisting of multiple frames you create frames using
WebSocketFrame.binaryFrame
, WebSocketFrame.textFrame or
WebSocketFrame.continuationFrame and write them
to the WebSocket using writeFrame.
Here’s an example for binary frames:
var frame1 = WebSocketFrame.binaryFrame(buffer1, false)
webSocket.writeFrame(frame1)
var frame2 = WebSocketFrame.continuationFrame(buffer2, false)
webSocket.writeFrame(frame2)
// Write the final frame
var frame3 = WebSocketFrame.continuationFrame(buffer2, true)
webSocket.writeFrame(frame3)In many cases you just want to send a WebSocket message that consists of a single final frame, so we provide a couple
of shortcut methods to do that with writeFinalBinaryFrame
and writeFinalTextFrame.
Here’s an example:
// Send a WebSocket messages consisting of a single final text frame:
webSocket.writeFinalTextFrame("Geronimo!")
// Send a WebSocket messages consisting of a single final binary frame:
var buff = Buffer.buffer().appendInt(12).appendString("foo")
webSocket.writeFinalBinaryFrame(buff)To read frames from a WebSocket you use the frameHandler.
The frame handler will be called with instances of WebSocketFrame when a frame arrives,
for example:
webSocket.frameHandler({ frame ->
println("Received a frame of size!")
})Use close to close the WebSocket connection when you have finished with it.
The WebSocket instance is also a ReadStream and a
WriteStream so it can be used with pipes.
When using a WebSocket as a write stream or a read stream it can only be used with WebSockets connections that are used with binary frames that are no split over multiple frames.
Every WebSocket automatically registers two handler on the event bus, and when any data are received in this handler, it writes them to itself. Those are local subscriptions not routed on the cluster.
This enables you to write data to a WebSocket which is potentially in a completely different verticle sending data to the address of that handler.
The addresses of the handlers are given by binaryHandlerID and
textHandlerID.
The http client supports accessing http/https URLs via a HTTP proxy (e.g. Squid) or SOCKS4a or SOCKS5 proxy. The CONNECT protocol uses HTTP/1.x but can connect to HTTP/1.x and HTTP/2 servers.
Connecting to h2c (unencrypted HTTP/2 servers) is likely not supported by http proxies since they will support HTTP/1.1 only.
The proxy can be configured in the HttpClientOptions by setting a
ProxyOptions object containing proxy type, hostname, port and optionally username and password.
Here’s an example of using an HTTP proxy:
var options = HttpClientOptions(
proxyOptions = ProxyOptions(
type = ProxyType.HTTP,
host = "localhost",
port = 3128,
username = "username",
password = "secret"))
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)When the client connects to an http URL, it connects to the proxy server and provides the full URL in the HTTP request ("GET http://www.somehost.com/path/file.html HTTP/1.1").
When the client connects to an https URL, it asks the proxy to create a tunnel to the remote host with the CONNECT method.
For a SOCKS5 proxy:
var options = HttpClientOptions(
proxyOptions = ProxyOptions(
type = ProxyType.SOCKS5,
host = "localhost",
port = 1080,
username = "username",
password = "secret"))
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)The DNS resolution is always done on the proxy server, to achieve the functionality of a SOCKS4 client, it is necessary to resolve the DNS address locally.
The HTTP proxy implementation supports getting ftp:// urls if the proxy supports that, which isn’t available in non-proxy getAbs requests.
var options = HttpClientOptions(
proxyOptions = ProxyOptions(
type = ProxyType.HTTP))
var client = vertx.createHttpClient(options)
client.getAbs("ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/", { response ->
println("Received response with status code ${response.statusCode()}")
})Support for other protocols is not available since java.net.URL does not support them (gopher:// for example).
If you’re creating http servers and clients from inside verticles, those servers and clients will be automatically closed when the verticle is undeployed.
As its name suggests, the SharedData API allows you to safely share data between:
different parts of your application, or
different applications in the same Vert.x instance, or
different applications across a cluster of Vert.x instances.
In practice, it provides:
synchronous maps (local-only)
asynchronous maps
asynchronous locks
asynchronous counters
|
Important
|
The behavior of the distributed data structure depends on the cluster manager you use. Backup (replication) and behavior when a network partition is faced are defined by the cluster manager and its configuration. Please refer to the cluster manager documentation as well as to the underlying framework manual. |
Local maps allow you to share data safely between different event loops (e.g. different verticles) in the same Vert.x instance.
They only allow certain data types to be used as keys and values:
immutable types (e.g. strings, booleans, … etc), or
types implementing the Shareable interface (buffers, JSON arrays, JSON objects, or your own shareable objects).
In the latter case the key/value will be copied before putting it into the map.
This way we can ensure there is no shared access to mutable state between different threads in your Vert.x application. And you won’t have to worry about protecting that state by synchronising access to it.
Here’s an example of using a shared local map:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
var map1 = sharedData.getLocalMap<Any, Any>("mymap1")
map1.put("foo", "bar")
var map2 = sharedData.getLocalMap<Any, Any>("mymap2")
map2.put("eek", Buffer.buffer().appendInt(123))
// Then... in another part of your application:
map1 = sharedData.getLocalMap<Any, Any>("mymap1")
var val = map1.get("foo")
map2 = sharedData.getLocalMap<Any, Any>("mymap2")
var buff = map2.get("eek")Asynchronous shared maps allow data to be put in the map and retrieved locally or from any other node.
This makes them really useful for things like storing session state in a farm of servers hosting a Vert.x Web application.
Getting the map is asynchronous and the result is returned to you in the handler that you specify. Here’s an example:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
sharedData.getAsyncMap<String, String>("mymap", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
var map = res.result()
} else {
// Something went wrong!
}
})When Vert.x is clustered, data that you put into the map is accessible locally as well as on any of the other cluster members.
|
Important
|
In clustered mode, asynchronous shared maps rely on distributed data structures provided by the cluster manager. Beware that the latency relative to asynchronous shared map operations can be much higher in clustered than in local mode. |
If your application doesn’t need data to be shared with every other node, you can retrieve a local-only map:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
sharedData.getLocalAsyncMap<String, String>("mymap", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
// Local-only async map
var map = res.result()
} else {
// Something went wrong!
}
})You put data in a map with put.
The actual put is asynchronous and the handler is notified once it is complete:
map.put("foo", "bar", { resPut ->
if (resPut.succeeded()) {
// Successfully put the value
} else {
// Something went wrong!
}
})You get data from a map with get.
The actual get is asynchronous and the handler is notified with the result some time later:
map.get("foo", { resGet ->
if (resGet.succeeded()) {
// Successfully got the value
var val = resGet.result()
} else {
// Something went wrong!
}
})You can also remove entries from an asynchronous map, clear them and get the size.
See the API docs for a detailed list of map operations.
Asynchronous locks allow you to obtain exclusive locks locally or across the cluster.
This is useful when you want to do something or access a resource on only one node of a cluster at any one time.
Asynchronous locks have an asynchronous API unlike most lock APIs which block the calling thread until the lock is obtained.
To obtain a lock use getLock.
This won’t block, but when the lock is available, the handler will be called with an instance of Lock, signalling that you now own the lock.
While you own the lock, no other caller, locally or on the cluster, will be able to obtain the lock.
When you’ve finished with the lock, you call release to release it, so another caller can obtain it:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
sharedData.getLock("mylock", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
// Got the lock!
var lock = res.result()
// 5 seconds later we release the lock so someone else can get it
vertx.setTimer(5000, { tid ->
lock.release()
})
} else {
// Something went wrong
}
})You can also get a lock with a timeout. If it fails to obtain the lock within the timeout the handler will be called with a failure:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
sharedData.getLockWithTimeout("mylock", 10000, { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
// Got the lock!
var lock = res.result()
} else {
// Failed to get lock
}
})See the API docs for a detailed list of lock operations.
|
Important
|
In clustered mode, asynchronous locks rely on distributed data structures provided by the cluster manager. Beware that the latency relative to asynchronous shared lock operations can be much higher in clustered than in local mode. |
If your application doesn’t need the lock to be shared with every other node, you can retrieve a local-only lock:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
sharedData.getLocalLock("mylock", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
// Local-only lock
var lock = res.result()
// 5 seconds later we release the lock so someone else can get it
vertx.setTimer(5000, { tid ->
lock.release()
})
} else {
// Something went wrong
}
})It’s often useful to maintain an atomic counter locally or across the different nodes of your application.
You can do this with Counter.
You obtain an instance with getCounter:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
sharedData.getCounter("mycounter", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
var counter = res.result()
} else {
// Something went wrong!
}
})Once you have an instance you can retrieve the current count, atomically increment it, decrement and add a value to it using the various methods.
See the API docs for a detailed list of counter operations.
|
Important
|
In clustered mode, asynchronous counters rely on distributed data structures provided by the cluster manager. Beware that the latency relative to asynchronous shared counter operations can be much higher in clustered than in local mode. |
If your application doesn’t need the counter to be shared with every other node, you can retrieve a local-only counter:
var sharedData = vertx.sharedData()
sharedData.getLocalCounter("mycounter", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
// Local-only counter
var counter = res.result()
} else {
// Something went wrong!
}
})The Vert.x FileSystem object provides many operations for manipulating the file system.
There is one file system object per Vert.x instance, and you obtain it with fileSystem.
A blocking and a non blocking version of each operation is provided. The non blocking versions take a handler which is called when the operation completes or an error occurs.
Here’s an example of an asynchronous copy of a file:
var fs = vertx.fileSystem()
// Copy file from foo.txt to bar.txt
fs.copy("foo.txt", "bar.txt", { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
// Copied ok!
} else {
// Something went wrong
}
})The blocking versions are named xxxBlocking and return the results or throw exceptions directly. In many
cases, depending on the operating system and file system, some of the potentially blocking operations can return
quickly, which is why we provide them, but it’s highly recommended that you test how long they take to return in your
particular application before using them from an event loop, so as not to break the Golden Rule.
Here’s the copy using the blocking API:
var fs = vertx.fileSystem()
// Copy file from foo.txt to bar.txt synchronously
fs.copyBlocking("foo.txt", "bar.txt")Many operations exist to copy, move, truncate, chmod and many other file operations. We won’t list them all here,
please consult the API docs for the full list.
Let’s see a couple of examples using asynchronous methods:
// Read a file
vertx.fileSystem().readFile("target/classes/readme.txt", { result ->
if (result.succeeded()) {
println(result.result())
} else {
System.err.println("Oh oh ...${result.cause()}")
}
})
// Copy a file
vertx.fileSystem().copy("target/classes/readme.txt", "target/classes/readme2.txt", { result ->
if (result.succeeded()) {
println("File copied")
} else {
System.err.println("Oh oh ...${result.cause()}")
}
})
// Write a file
vertx.fileSystem().writeFile("target/classes/hello.txt", Buffer.buffer("Hello"), { result ->
if (result.succeeded()) {
println("File written")
} else {
System.err.println("Oh oh ...${result.cause()}")
}
})
// Check existence and delete
vertx.fileSystem().exists("target/classes/junk.txt", { result ->
if (result.succeeded() && result.result()) {
vertx.fileSystem().delete("target/classes/junk.txt", { r ->
println("File deleted")
})
} else {
System.err.println("Oh oh ... - cannot delete the file: ${result.cause()}")
}
})Vert.x provides an asynchronous file abstraction that allows you to manipulate a file on the file system.
You open an AsyncFile as follows:
var options = OpenOptions()
fileSystem.open("myfile.txt", options, { res ->
if (res.succeeded()) {
var file = res.result()
} else {
// Something went wrong!
}
})AsyncFile implements ReadStream and WriteStream so you can pipe
files to and from other stream objects such as net sockets, http requests and responses, and WebSockets.
They also allow you to read and write directly to them.
To use an AsyncFile for random access writing you use the
write method.
The parameters to the method are:
buffer: the buffer to write.
position: an integer position in the file where to write the buffer. If the position is greater or equal to the size
of the file, the file will be enlarged to accommodate the offset.
handler: the result handler
Here is an example of random access writes:
vertx.fileSystem().open("target/classes/hello.txt", OpenOptions(), { result ->
if (result.succeeded()) {
var file = result.result()
var buff = Buffer.buffer("foo")
for (i in 0 until 5) {
file.write(buff, buff.length() * i, { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println("Written ok!")
// etc
} else {
System.err.println("Failed to write: ${ar.cause()}")
}
})
}
} else {
System.err.println("Cannot open file ${result.cause()}")
}
})To use an AsyncFile for random access reads you use the
read
method.
The parameters to the method are:
buffer: the buffer into which the data will be read.
offset: an integer offset into the buffer where the read data will be placed.
position: the position in the file where to read data from.
length: the number of bytes of data to read
handler: the result handler
Here’s an example of random access reads:
vertx.fileSystem().open("target/classes/les_miserables.txt", OpenOptions(), { result ->
if (result.succeeded()) {
var file = result.result()
var buff = Buffer.buffer(1000)
for (i in 0 until 10) {
file.read(buff, i * 100, i * 100, 100, { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println("Read ok!")
} else {
System.err.println("Failed to write: ${ar.cause()}")
}
})
}
} else {
System.err.println("Cannot open file ${result.cause()}")
}
})When opening an AsyncFile, you pass an OpenOptions instance.
These options describe the behavior of the file access. For instance, you can configure the file permissions with the
setRead, setWrite
and setPerms methods.
You can also configure the behavior if the open file already exists with
setCreateNew and
setTruncateExisting.
You can also mark the file to be deleted on
close or when the JVM is shutdown with setDeleteOnClose.
In the OpenOptions, you can enable/disable the automatic synchronisation of the content on every write using
setDsync. In that case, you can manually flush any writes from the OS
cache by calling the flush method.
This method can also be called with an handler which will be called when the flush is complete.
AsyncFile implements ReadStream and WriteStream. You can then
use them with a pipe to pipe data to and from other read and write streams. For example, this would
copy the content to another AsyncFile:
var output = vertx.fileSystem().openBlocking("target/classes/plagiary.txt", OpenOptions())
vertx.fileSystem().open("target/classes/les_miserables.txt", OpenOptions(), { result ->
if (result.succeeded()) {
var file = result.result()
file.pipeTo(output, { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println("Copy done")
}
})
} else {
System.err.println("Cannot open file ${result.cause()}")
}
})You can also use the pipe to write file content into HTTP responses, or more generally in any
WriteStream.
When vert.x cannot find the file on the filesystem it tries to resolve the
file from the class path. Note that classpath resource paths never start with
a /.
Due to the fact that Java does not offer async access to classpath resources, the file is copied to the filesystem in a worker thread when the classpath resource is accessed the very first time and served from there asynchronously. When the same resource is accessed a second time, the file from the filesystem is served directly from the filesystem. The original content is served even if the classpath resource changes (e.g. in a development system).
This caching behaviour can be set on the setFileCachingEnabled
option. The default value of this option is true unless the system property vertx.disableFileCaching is
defined.
The path where the files are cached is .vertx by default and can be customized by setting the system
property vertx.cacheDirBase.
The whole classpath resolving feature can be disabled system-wide by setting the system
property vertx.disableFileCPResolving to true.
|
Note
|
these system properties are evaluated once when the the io.vertx.core.file.FileSystemOptions class is loaded, so
these properties should be set before loading this class or as a JVM system property when launching it.
|
If you want to disable classpath resolving for a particular application but keep it enabled by default system-wide,
you can do so via the setClassPathResolvingEnabled option.
To close an AsyncFile call the close method. Closing is asynchronous and
if you want to be notified when the close has been completed you can specify a handler function as an argument.
Using User Datagram Protocol (UDP) with Vert.x is a piece of cake.
UDP is a connection-less transport which basically means you have no persistent connection to a remote peer.
Instead you can send and receive packages and the remote address is contained in each of them.
Beside this UDP is not as safe as TCP to use, which means there are no guarantees that a send Datagram packet will receive it’s endpoint at all.
The only guarantee is that it will either receive complete or not at all.
Also you usually can’t send data which is bigger then the MTU size of your network interface, this is because each packet will be send as one packet.
But be aware even if the packet size is smaller then the MTU it may still fail.
At which size it will fail depends on the Operating System etc. So rule of thumb is to try to send small packets.
Because of the nature of UDP it is best fit for Applications where you are allowed to drop packets (like for example a monitoring application).
The benefits are that it has a lot less overhead compared to TCP, which can be handled by the NetServer and NetClient (see above).
To use UDP you first need t create a DatagramSocket. It does not matter here if you only want to send data or send
and receive.
var socket = vertx.createDatagramSocket(DatagramSocketOptions())The returned DatagramSocket will not be bound to a specific port. This is not a
problem if you only want to send data (like a client), but more on this in the next section.
As mentioned before, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) sends data in packets to remote peers but is not connected to them in a persistent fashion.
This means each packet can be sent to a different remote peer.
Sending packets is as easy as shown here:
var socket = vertx.createDatagramSocket(DatagramSocketOptions())
var buffer = Buffer.buffer("content")
// Send a Buffer
socket.send(buffer, 1234, "10.0.0.1", { asyncResult ->
println("Send succeeded? ${asyncResult.succeeded()}")
})
// Send a String
socket.send("A string used as content", 1234, "10.0.0.1", { asyncResult ->
println("Send succeeded? ${asyncResult.succeeded()}")
})If you want to receive packets you need to bind the DatagramSocket by calling
listen(…)} on it.
This way you will be able to receive DatagramPacket`s that were sent to the address and port on
which the `DatagramSocket listens.
Beside this you also want to set a Handler which will be called for each received DatagramPacket.
The DatagramPacket has the following methods:
So to listen on a specific address and port you would do something like shown here:
var socket = vertx.createDatagramSocket(DatagramSocketOptions())
socket.listen(1234, "0.0.0.0", { asyncResult ->
if (asyncResult.succeeded()) {
socket.handler({ packet ->
// Do something with the packet
})
} else {
println("Listen failed${asyncResult.cause()}")
}
})Be aware that even if the {code AsyncResult} is successed it only means it might be written on the network stack, but gives no guarantee that it ever reached or will reach the remote peer at all.
If you need such a guarantee then you want to use TCP with some handshaking logic build on top.
Multicast allows multiple sockets to receive the same packets. This works by having the sockets join the same multicast group to which you can then send packets.
We will look at how you can join a Multicast Group and receive packets in the next section.
Sending multicast packets is not different than sending normal Datagram packets. The difference is that you pass in a multicast group address to the send method.
This is show here:
var socket = vertx.createDatagramSocket(DatagramSocketOptions())
var buffer = Buffer.buffer("content")
// Send a Buffer to a multicast address
socket.send(buffer, 1234, "230.0.0.1", { asyncResult ->
println("Send succeeded? ${asyncResult.succeeded()}")
})All sockets that have joined the multicast group 230.0.0.1 will receive the packet.
If you want to receive packets for specific Multicast group you need to bind the DatagramSocket by
calling listen(…) on it to join the Multicast group.
This way you will receive DatagramPackets that were sent to the address and port on which the
DatagramSocket listens and also to those sent to the Multicast group.
Beside this you also want to set a Handler which will be called for each received DatagramPacket.
The DatagramPacket has the following methods:
sender(): The InetSocketAddress which represent the sender of the packet
data(): The Buffer which holds the data which was received.
So to listen on a specific address and port and also receive packets for the Multicast group 230.0.0.1 you would do something like shown here:
var socket = vertx.createDatagramSocket(DatagramSocketOptions())
socket.listen(1234, "0.0.0.0", { asyncResult ->
if (asyncResult.succeeded()) {
socket.handler({ packet ->
// Do something with the packet
})
// join the multicast group
socket.listenMulticastGroup("230.0.0.1", { asyncResult2 ->
println("Listen succeeded? ${asyncResult2.succeeded()}")
})
} else {
println("Listen failed${asyncResult.cause()}")
}
})There are sometimes situations where you want to receive packets for a Multicast group for a limited time.
In this situations you can first start to listen for them and then later unlisten.
This is shown here:
var socket = vertx.createDatagramSocket(DatagramSocketOptions())
socket.listen(1234, "0.0.0.0", { asyncResult ->
if (asyncResult.succeeded()) {
socket.handler({ packet ->
// Do something with the packet
})
// join the multicast group
socket.listenMulticastGroup("230.0.0.1", { asyncResult2 ->
if (asyncResult2.succeeded()) {
// will now receive packets for group
// do some work
socket.unlistenMulticastGroup("230.0.0.1", { asyncResult3 ->
println("Unlisten succeeded? ${asyncResult3.succeeded()}")
})
} else {
println("Listen failed${asyncResult2.cause()}")
}
})
} else {
println("Listen failed${asyncResult.cause()}")
}
})Beside unlisten a Multicast address it’s also possible to just block multicast for a specific sender address.
Be aware this only work on some Operating Systems and kernel versions. So please check the Operating System documentation if it’s supported.
This an expert feature.
To block multicast from a specific address you can call blockMulticastGroup(…) on the DatagramSocket
like shown here:
var socket = vertx.createDatagramSocket(DatagramSocketOptions())
// Some code
// This would block packets which are send from 10.0.0.2
socket.blockMulticastGroup("230.0.0.1", "10.0.0.2", { asyncResult ->
println("block succeeded? ${asyncResult.succeeded()}")
})When creating a DatagramSocket there are multiple properties you can set to
change it’s behaviour with the DatagramSocketOptions object. Those are listed here:
setSendBufferSize Sets the send buffer size in bytes.
setReceiveBufferSize Sets the TCP receive buffer size
in bytes.
setReuseAddress If true then addresses in TIME_WAIT
state can be reused after they have been closed.
setBroadcast Sets or clears the SO_BROADCAST socket
option. When this option is set, Datagram (UDP) packets may be sent to a local interface’s broadcast address.
setMulticastNetworkInterface Sets or clears
the IP_MULTICAST_LOOP socket option. When this option is set, multicast packets will also be received on the
local interface.
setMulticastTimeToLive Sets the IP_MULTICAST_TTL socket
option. TTL stands for "Time to Live," but in this context it specifies the number of IP hops that a packet is
allowed to go through, specifically for multicast traffic. Each router or gateway that forwards a packet decrements
the TTL. If the TTL is decremented to 0 by a router, it will not be forwarded.
You can find out the local address of the socket (i.e. the address of this side of the UDP Socket) by calling
localAddress. This will only return an InetSocketAddress if you
bound the DatagramSocket with listen(…) before, otherwise it will return null.
You can close a socket by invoking the close method. This will close
the socket and release all resources
Often you will find yourself in situations where you need to obtain DNS informations in an asynchronous fashion. Unfortunally this is not possible with the API that is shipped with the Java Virtual Machine itself. Because of this Vert.x offers it’s own API for DNS resolution which is fully asynchronous.
To obtain a DnsClient instance you will create a new via the Vertx instance.
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "10.0.0.1")You can also create the client with options and configure the query timeout.
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(DnsClientOptions(
port = 53,
host = "10.0.0.1",
queryTimeout = 10000))Creating the client with no arguments or omitting the server address will use the address of the server used internally for non blocking address resolution.
var client1 = vertx.createDnsClient()
// Just the same but with a different query timeout
var client2 = vertx.createDnsClient(DnsClientOptions(
queryTimeout = 10000))Try to lookup the A (ipv4) or AAAA (ipv6) record for a given name. The first which is returned will be used, so it behaves the same way as you may be used from when using "nslookup" on your operation system.
To lookup the A / AAAA record for "vertx.io" you would typically use it like:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.lookup("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println(ar.result())
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to lookup the A (ipv4) record for a given name. The first which is returned will be used, so it behaves the same way as you may be used from when using "nslookup" on your operation system.
To lookup the A record for "vertx.io" you would typically use it like:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.lookup4("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println(ar.result())
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to lookup the AAAA (ipv6) record for a given name. The first which is returned will be used, so it behaves the same way as you may be used from when using "nslookup" on your operation system.
To lookup the A record for "vertx.io" you would typically use it like:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.lookup6("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println(ar.result())
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to resolve all A (ipv4) records for a given name. This is quite similar to using "dig" on unix like operation systems.
To lookup all the A records for "vertx.io" you would typically do:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolveA("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var records = ar.result()
for (record in records) {
println(record)
}
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to resolve all AAAA (ipv6) records for a given name. This is quite similar to using "dig" on unix like operation systems.
To lookup all the AAAAA records for "vertx.io" you would typically do:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolveAAAA("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var records = ar.result()
for (record in records) {
println(record)
}
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to resolve all CNAME records for a given name. This is quite similar to using "dig" on unix like operation systems.
To lookup all the CNAME records for "vertx.io" you would typically do:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolveCNAME("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var records = ar.result()
for (record in records) {
println(record)
}
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to resolve all MX records for a given name. The MX records are used to define which Mail-Server accepts emails for a given domain.
To lookup all the MX records for "vertx.io" you would typically do:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolveMX("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var records = ar.result()
for (record in records) {
println(record)
}
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Be aware that the List will contain the MxRecord sorted by the priority of them, which
means MX records with smaller priority coming first in the List.
The MxRecord allows you to access the priority and the name of the MX record by offer methods for it like:
record.priority()
record.name()Try to resolve all TXT records for a given name. TXT records are often used to define extra informations for a domain.
To resolve all the TXT records for "vertx.io" you could use something along these lines:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolveTXT("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var records = ar.result()
for (record in records) {
println(record)
}
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to resolve all NS records for a given name. The NS records specify which DNS Server hosts the DNS informations for a given domain.
To resolve all the NS records for "vertx.io" you could use something along these lines:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolveNS("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var records = ar.result()
for (record in records) {
println(record)
}
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to resolve all SRV records for a given name. The SRV records are used to define extra informations like port and hostname of services. Some protocols need this extra informations.
To lookup all the SRV records for "vertx.io" you would typically do:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolveSRV("vertx.io", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var records = ar.result()
for (record in records) {
println(record)
}
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Be aware that the List will contain the SrvRecords sorted by the priority of them, which means SrvRecords with smaller priority coming first in the List.
The SrvRecord allows you to access all informations contained in the SRV record itself:
record.priority()
record.name()
record.weight()
record.port()
record.protocol()
record.service()
record.target()Please refer to the API docs for the exact details.
Try to resolve the PTR record for a given name. The PTR record maps an ipaddress to a name.
To resolve the PTR record for the ipaddress 10.0.0.1 you would use the PTR notion of "1.0.0.10.in-addr.arpa"
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.resolvePTR("1.0.0.10.in-addr.arpa", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var record = ar.result()
println(record)
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})Try to do a reverse lookup for an ipaddress. This is basically the same as resolve a PTR record, but allows you to just pass in the ipaddress and not a valid PTR query string.
To do a reverse lookup for the ipaddress 10.0.0.1 do something similar like this:
var client = vertx.createDnsClient(53, "9.9.9.9")
client.reverseLookup("10.0.0.1", { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var record = ar.result()
println(record)
} else {
println("Failed to resolve entry${ar.cause()}")
}
})There are several objects in Vert.x that allow items to be read from and written.
In previous versions the io.vertx.core.streams package was manipulating Buffer
objects exclusively. From now, streams are not coupled to buffers anymore and they work with any kind of objects.
In Vert.x, write calls return immediately, and writes are queued internally.
It’s not hard to see that if you write to an object faster than it can actually write the data to its underlying resource, then the write queue can grow unbounded - eventually resulting in memory exhaustion.
To solve this problem a simple flow control (back-pressure) capability is provided by some objects in the Vert.x API.
Any flow control aware object that can be written-to implements WriteStream,
while any flow control object that can be read-from is said to implement ReadStream.
Let’s take an example where we want to read from a ReadStream then write the data to a WriteStream.
A very simple example would be reading from a NetSocket then writing back to the
same NetSocket - since NetSocket implements both ReadStream and WriteStream. Note that this works
between any ReadStream and WriteStream compliant object, including HTTP requests, HTTP responses,
async files I/O, WebSockets, etc.
A naive way to do this would be to directly take the data that has been read and immediately write it
to the NetSocket:
var server = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
port = 1234,
host = "localhost"))
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
sock.handler({ buffer ->
// Write the data straight back
sock.write(buffer)
})
}).listen()There is a problem with the example above: if data is read from the socket faster than it can be
written back to the socket, it will build up in the write queue of the NetSocket, eventually
running out of RAM. This might happen, for example if the client at the other end of the socket
wasn’t reading fast enough, effectively putting back-pressure on the connection.
Since NetSocket implements WriteStream, we can check if the WriteStream is full before
writing to it:
var server = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
port = 1234,
host = "localhost"))
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
sock.handler({ buffer ->
if (!sock.writeQueueFull()) {
sock.write(buffer)
}
})
}).listen()This example won’t run out of RAM but we’ll end up losing data if the write queue gets full. What we
really want to do is pause the NetSocket when the write queue is full:
var server = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
port = 1234,
host = "localhost"))
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
sock.handler({ buffer ->
sock.write(buffer)
if (sock.writeQueueFull()) {
sock.pause()
}
})
}).listen()We’re almost there, but not quite. The NetSocket now gets paused when the file is full, but we also need to unpause
it when the write queue has processed its backlog:
var server = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
port = 1234,
host = "localhost"))
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
sock.handler({ buffer ->
sock.write(buffer)
if (sock.writeQueueFull()) {
sock.pause()
sock.drainHandler({ done ->
sock.resume()
})
}
})
}).listen()And there we have it. The drainHandler event handler will
get called when the write queue is ready to accept more data, this resumes the NetSocket that
allows more data to be read.
Wanting to do this is quite common while writing Vert.x applications, so we added the
pipeTo method that does all of this hard work for you.
You just feed it the WriteStream and use it:
var server = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
port = 1234,
host = "localhost"))
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
sock.pipeTo(sock)
}).listen()This does exactly the same thing as the more verbose example, plus it handles stream failures and termination: the
destination WriteStream is ended when the pipe completes with success or a failure.
You can be notified when the operation completes:
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
// Pipe the socket providing an handler to be notified of the result
sock.pipeTo(sock, { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
println("Pipe succeeded")
} else {
println("Pipe failed")
}
})
}).listen()When you deal with an asynchronous destination, you can create a Pipe instance that
pauses the source and resumes it when the source is piped to the destination:
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
// Create a pipe to use asynchronously
var pipe = sock.pipe()
// Open a destination file
fs.open("/path/to/file", OpenOptions(), { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var file = ar.result()
// Pipe the socket to the file and close the file at the end
pipe.to(file)
} else {
sock.close()
}
})
}).listen()When you need to abort the transfer, you need to close it:
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ request ->
// Create a pipe that to use asynchronously
var pipe = request.pipe()
// Open a destination file
fs.open("/path/to/file", OpenOptions(), { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
var file = ar.result()
// Pipe the socket to the file and close the file at the end
pipe.to(file)
} else {
// Close the pipe and resume the request, the body buffers will be discarded
pipe.close()
// Send an error response
request.response().setStatusCode(500).end()
}
})
}).listen(8080)When the pipe is closed, the streams handlers are unset and the ReadStream resumed.
As seen above, by default the destination is always ended when the stream completes, you can control this behavior on the pipe object:
endOnFailure controls the behavior when a failure happens
endOnSuccess controls the behavior when the read stream ends
endOnComplete controls the behavior in all cases
Here is a short example:
src.pipe().endOnSuccess(false).to(dst, { rs ->
// Append some text and close the file
dst.end(Buffer.buffer("done"))
})Let’s now look at the methods on ReadStream and WriteStream in more detail:
ReadStream is implemented by HttpClientResponse, DatagramSocket,
HttpClientRequest, HttpServerFileUpload,
HttpServerRequest, MessageConsumer,
NetSocket, WebSocket, TimeoutStream,
AsyncFile.
Functions:
handler:
set a handler which will receive items from the ReadStream.
pause:
pause the handler. When paused no items will be received in the handler.
resume:
resume the handler. The handler will be called if any item arrives.
exceptionHandler:
Will be called if an exception occurs on the ReadStream.
endHandler:
Will be called when end of stream is reached. This might be when EOF is reached if the ReadStream represents a file,
or when end of request is reached if it’s an HTTP request, or when the connection is closed if it’s a TCP socket.
WriteStream is implemented by HttpClientRequest, HttpServerResponse
WebSocket, NetSocket, AsyncFile,
and MessageProducer
Functions:
write:
write an object to the WriteStream. This method will never block. Writes are queued internally and asynchronously
written to the underlying resource.
setWriteQueueMaxSize:
set the number of object at which the write queue is considered full, and the method writeQueueFull
returns true. Note that, when the write queue is considered full, if write is called the data will still be accepted
and queued. The actual number depends on the stream implementation, for Buffer the size
represents the actual number of bytes written and not the number of buffers.
writeQueueFull:
returns true if the write queue is considered full.
exceptionHandler:
Will be called if an exception occurs on the WriteStream.
drainHandler:
The handler will be called if the WriteStream is considered no longer full.
The pump exposes a subset of the pipe API and only transfers the items between streams, it does not handle the completion or failure of the transfer operation.
var server = vertx.createNetServer(NetServerOptions(
port = 1234,
host = "localhost"))
server.connectHandler({ sock ->
Pump.pump(sock, sock).start()
}).listen()|
Important
|
Before Vert.x 3.7 the Pump was the advocated API for transferring a read stream to
a write stream. Since 3.7 the pipe API supersedes the pump API.
|
Instances of Pump have the following methods:
start:
Start the pump.
stop:
Stops the pump. When the pump starts it is in stopped mode.
setWriteQueueMaxSize:
This has the same meaning as setWriteQueueMaxSize on the WriteStream.
A pump can be started and stopped multiple times.
When a pump is first created it is not started. You need to call the start() method to start it.
The record parser allows you to easily parse protocols which are delimited by a sequence of bytes, or fixed size records. It transforms a sequence of input buffer to a sequence of buffer structured as configured (either fixed size or separated records).
For example, if you have a simple ASCII text protocol delimited by '\n' and the input is the following:
buffer1:HELLO\nHOW ARE Y
buffer2:OU?\nI AM
buffer3: DOING OK
buffer4:\nThe record parser would produce
buffer1:HELLO
buffer2:HOW ARE YOU?
buffer3:I AM DOING OKLet’s see the associated code:
var parser = RecordParser.newDelimited("\n", { h ->
println(h.toString())
})
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("HELLO\nHOW ARE Y"))
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("OU?\nI AM"))
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("DOING OK"))
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("\n"))You can also produce fixed sized chunks as follows:
RecordParser.newFixed(4, { h ->
println(h.toString())
})For more details, check out the RecordParser class.
You can easily parse JSON structures but that requires to provide the JSON content at once, but it may not be convenient when you need to parse very large structures.
The non-blocking JSON parser is an event driven parser able to deal with very large structures. It transforms a sequence of input buffer to a sequence of JSON parse events.
Code not translatableThe parser is non-blocking and emitted events are driven by the input buffers.
var parser = JsonParser.newParser()
// start array event
// start object event
// "firstName":"Bob" event
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("[{\"firstName\":\"Bob\","))
// "lastName":"Morane" event
// end object event
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("\"lastName\":\"Morane\"},"))
// start object event
// "firstName":"Luke" event
// "lastName":"Lucky" event
// end object event
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("{\"firstName\":\"Luke\",\"lastName\":\"Lucky\"}"))
// end array event
parser.handle(Buffer.buffer("]"))
// Always call end
parser.end()Event driven parsing provides more control but comes at the price of dealing with fine grained events, which can be inconvenient sometimes. The JSON parser allows you to handle JSON structures as values when it is desired:
Code not translatableThe value mode can be set and unset during the parsing allowing you to switch between fine grained events or JSON object value events.
Code not translatableYou can do the same with arrays as well
Code not translatableYou can also decode POJOs
parser.handler({ event ->
// Handle each object
// Get the field in which this object was parsed
var id = event.fieldName()
var user = event.mapTo(examples.ParseToolsExamples.User.`class`)
println("User with id ${id} : ${user.firstName} ${user.lastName}")
})Whenever the parser fails to process a buffer, an exception will be thrown unless you set an exception handler:
var parser = JsonParser.newParser()
parser.exceptionHandler({ err ->
// Catch any parsing or decoding error
})The parser also parses json streams:
concatenated json streams: {"temperature":30}{"temperature":50}
line delimited json streams: {"an":"object"}\r\n3\r\n"a string"\r\nnull
For more details, check out the JsonParser class.
Most Vert.x objects are safe to access from different threads. However performance is optimised when they are accessed from the same context they were created from.
For example if you have deployed a verticle which creates a NetServer which provides
NetSocket instances in it’s handler, then it’s best to always access that socket instance
from the event loop of the verticle.
If you stick to the standard Vert.x verticle deployment model and avoid sharing objects between verticles then this should be the case without you having to think about it.
By default Vert.x does not record any metrics. Instead it provides an SPI for others to implement which can be added
to the classpath. The metrics SPI is an advanced feature which allows implementers to capture events from Vert.x in
order to gather metrics. For more information on this, please consult the
API Documentation.
You can also specify a metrics factory programmatically if embedding Vert.x using
setFactory.
Vert.x Core is packaged as an OSGi bundle, so can be used in any OSGi R4.2+ environment such as Apache Felix
or Eclipse Equinox. The bundle exports io.vertx.core*.
However, the bundle has some dependencies on Jackson and Netty. To get the vert.x core bundle resolved deploy:
Jackson Annotation [2.6.0,3)
Jackson Core [2.6.2,3)
Jackson Databind [2.6.2,3)
Netty Buffer [4.0.31,5)
Netty Codec [4.0.31,5)
Netty Codec/Socks [4.0.31,5)
Netty Codec/Common [4.0.31,5)
Netty Codec/Handler [4.0.31,5)
Netty Codec/Transport [4.0.31,5)
Here is a working deployment on Apache Felix 5.2.0:
14|Active | 1|Jackson-annotations (2.6.0)
15|Active | 1|Jackson-core (2.6.2)
16|Active | 1|jackson-databind (2.6.2)
18|Active | 1|Netty/Buffer (4.0.31.Final)
19|Active | 1|Netty/Codec (4.0.31.Final)
20|Active | 1|Netty/Codec/HTTP (4.0.31.Final)
21|Active | 1|Netty/Codec/Socks (4.0.31.Final)
22|Active | 1|Netty/Common (4.0.31.Final)
23|Active | 1|Netty/Handler (4.0.31.Final)
24|Active | 1|Netty/Transport (4.0.31.Final)
25|Active | 1|Netty/Transport/SCTP (4.0.31.Final)
26|Active | 1|Vert.x Core (3.1.0)On Equinox, you may want to disable the ContextFinder with the following framework property:
eclipse.bundle.setTCCL=false
The vertx command is used to interact with Vert.x from the command line. It’s main use is to run Vert.x verticles.
To do this you need to download and install a Vert.x distribution, and add the bin directory of the installation
to your PATH environment variable. Also make sure you have a Java 8 JDK on your PATH.
|
Note
|
The JDK is required to support on the fly compilation of Java code. |
You can run raw Vert.x verticles directly from the command line using vertx run. Here is a couple of examples of
the run command:
vertx run my-verticle.js (1)
vertx run my-verticle.groovy (2)
vertx run my-verticle.rb (3)
vertx run io.vertx.example.MyVerticle (4)
vertx run io.vertx.example.MVerticle -cp my-verticle.jar (5)
vertx run MyVerticle.java (6)Deploys a JavaScript verticle
Deploys a Groovy verticle
Deploys a Ruby verticle
Deploys an already compiled Java verticle. Classpath root is the current directory
Deploys a verticle packaged in a Jar, the jar need to be in the classpath
Compiles the Java source and deploys it
As you can see in the case of Java, the name can either be the fully qualified class name of the verticle, or you can specify the Java Source file directly and Vert.x compiles it for you.
You can also prefix the verticle with the name of the language implementation to use. For example if the verticle is
a compiled Groovy class, you prefix it with groovy: so that Vert.x knows it’s a Groovy class not a Java class.
vertx run groovy:io.vertx.example.MyGroovyVerticleThe vertx run command can take a few optional parameters, they are:
-options <options> - Provides the Vert.x options.
options is the name of a JSON file that represents the Vert.x options, or a JSON string. This is optional.
-conf <config> - Provides some configuration to the verticle.
config is the name of a JSON file that represents the configuration for the verticle, or a JSON string. This is optional.
-cp <path> - The path on which to search for the verticle and any other resources used by the verticle. This
defaults to . (current directory). If your verticle references other scripts, classes or other resources
(e.g. jar files) then make sure these are on this path. The path can contain multiple path entries separated by
: (colon) or ; (semi-colon) depending on the operating system. Each path entry can be an absolute or relative
path to a directory containing scripts, or absolute or relative filenames for jar or zip files. An example path
might be -cp classes:lib/otherscripts:jars/myjar.jar:jars/otherjar.jar. Always use the path to reference any
resources that your verticle requires. Do not put them on the system classpath as this can cause isolation
issues between deployed verticles.
-instances <instances> - The number of instances of the verticle to instantiate. Each verticle instance is
strictly single threaded so to scale your application across available cores you might want to deploy more than
one instance. If omitted a single instance will be deployed.
-worker - This option determines whether the verticle is a worker verticle or not.
-cluster - This option determines whether the Vert.x instance will attempt to form a cluster with other Vert.x
instances on the network. Clustering Vert.x instances allows Vert.x to form a distributed event bus with
other nodes. Default is false (not clustered).
-cluster-port - If the cluster option has also been specified then this determines which port will be bound for
cluster communication with other Vert.x instances. Default is 0 - which means 'choose a free random port'. You
don’t usually need to specify this parameter unless you really need to bind to a specific port.
-cluster-host - If the cluster option has also been specified then this determines which host address will be
bound for cluster communication with other Vert.x instances. By default it will try and pick one from the available
interfaces. If you have more than one interface and you want to use a specific one, specify it here.
-cluster-public-port - If the cluster option has also been specified then this determines which port will be advertised for
cluster communication with other Vert.x instances. Default is -1, which means same as cluster-port.
-cluster-public-host - If the cluster option has also been specified then this determines which host address will be advertised for
cluster communication with other Vert.x instances. If not specified, Vert.x uses the value of cluster-host.
-ha - if specified the verticle will be deployed as high availability (HA) deployment. See related section
for more details
-quorum - used in conjunction with -ha. It specifies the minimum number of nodes in the cluster for any HA
deploymentIDs to be active. Defaults to 0.
-hagroup - used in conjunction with -ha. It specifies the HA group this node will join. There can be
multiple HA groups in a cluster. Nodes will only failover to other nodes in the same group. The default value is `
__DEFAULT__`
You can also set system properties using: -Dkey=value.
Here are some more examples:
Run a JavaScript verticle server.js with default settings
vertx run server.jsRun 10 instances of a pre-compiled Java verticle specifying classpath
vertx run com.acme.MyVerticle -cp "classes:lib/myjar.jar" -instances 10Run 10 instances of a Java verticle by source file
vertx run MyVerticle.java -instances 10Run 20 instances of a ruby worker verticle
vertx run order_worker.rb -instances 20 -workerRun two JavaScript verticles on the same machine and let them cluster together with each other and any other servers on the network
vertx run handler.js -cluster
vertx run sender.js -clusterRun a Ruby verticle passing it some config
vertx run my_verticle.rb -conf my_verticle.confWhere my_verticle.conf might contain something like:
{
"name": "foo",
"num_widgets": 46
}The config will be available inside the verticle via the core API.
When using the high-availability feature of vert.x you may want to create a bare instance of vert.x. This instance does not deploy any verticles when launched, but will receive a verticle if another node of the cluster dies. To create a bare instance, launch:
vertx bareDepending on your cluster configuration, you may have to append the cluster-host and cluster-port parameters.
A fat jar is an executable jar embedding its dependencies. This means you don’t have to have Vert.x pre-installed on the machine on which you execute the jar. Like any executable Java jar it can be executed with.
java -jar my-application-fat.jarThere is nothing really Vert.x specific about this, you could do this with any Java application
You can either create your own main class and specify that in the manifest, but it’s recommended that you write your
code as verticles and use the Vert.x Launcher class (io.vertx.core.Launcher) as your main
class. This is the same main class used when running Vert.x at the command line and therefore allows you to
specify command line arguments, such as -instances in order to scale your application more easily.
To deploy your verticle in a fatjar like this you must have a manifest with:
Main-Class set to io.vertx.core.Launcher
Main-Verticle specifying the main verticle (fully qualified class name or script file name)
You can also provide the usual command line arguments that you would pass to vertx run:
java -jar my-verticle-fat.jar -cluster -conf myconf.json
java -jar my-verticle-fat.jar -cluster -conf myconf.json -cp path/to/dir/conf/cluster_xml|
Note
|
Please consult the Maven/Gradle simplest and Maven/Gradle verticle examples in the examples repository for examples of building applications as fatjars. |
A fat jar executes the run command, by default.
To display the vert.x version, just launch:
vertx versionThe vertx command line and the Launcher also provide other commands in addition to run and version:
You can create a bare instance using:
vertx bare
# or
java -jar my-verticle-fat.jar bareYou can also start an application in background using:
java -jar my-verticle-fat.jar start --vertx-id=my-app-nameIf my-app-name is not set, a random id will be generated, and printed on the command prompt. You can pass run
options to the start command:
java -jar my-verticle-fat.jar start —-vertx-id=my-app-name -clusterOnce launched in background, you can stop it with the stop command:
java -jar my-verticle-fat.jar stop my-app-nameYou can also list the vert.x application launched in background using:
java -jar my-verticle-fat.jar listThe start, stop and list command are also available from the vertx tool. The start` command supports a couple of options:
vertx-id : the application id, uses a random UUID if not set
java-opts : the Java Virtual Machine options, uses the JAVA_OPTS environment variable if not set.
redirect-output : redirect the spawned process output and error streams to the parent process streams.
If option values contain spaces, don’t forget to wrap the value between "" (double-quotes).
As the start command spawns a new process, the java options passed to the JVM are not propagated, so you must
use java-opts to configure the JVM (-X, -D…). If you use the CLASSPATH environment variable, be sure it
contains all the required jars (vertx-core, your jars and all the dependencies).
The set of commands is extensible, refer to the Extending the vert.x Launcher section.
When developing it may be convenient to automatically redeploy your application upon file changes. The vertx
command line tool and more generally the Launcher class offers this feature. Here are some
examples:
vertx run MyVerticle.groovy --redeploy="**/*.groovy" --launcher-class=io.vertx.core.Launcher
vertx run MyVerticle.groovy --redeploy="**/*.groovy,**/*.rb" --launcher-class=io.vertx.core.Launcher
java io.vertx.core.Launcher run org.acme.MyVerticle --redeploy="**/*.class" --launcher-class=io.vertx.core
.Launcher -cp ...The redeployment process is implemented as follows. First your application is launched as a background application
(with the start command). On matching file changes, the process is stopped and the application is restarted.
This avoids leaks, as the process is restarted.
To enable the live redeploy, pass the --redeploy option to the run command. The --redeploy indicates the
set of file to watch. This set can use Ant-style patterns (with **, * and ?). You can specify
several sets by separating them using a comma (,). Patterns are relative to the current working directory.
Parameters passed to the run command are passed to the application. Java Virtual Machine options can be
configured using --java-opts. For instance, to pass the the conf parameter or a system property, you need to
use: --java-opts="-conf=my-conf.json -Dkey=value"
The --launcher-class option determine with with main class the application is launcher. It’s generally
Launcher, but you have use you own main.
The redeploy feature can be used in your IDE:
Eclipse - create a Run configuration, using the io.vertx.core.Launcher class a main class. In the Program
arguments area (in the Arguments tab), write run your-verticle-fully-qualified-name --redeploy=**/*.java
--launcher-class=io.vertx.core.Launcher. You can also add other parameters. The redeployment works smoothly as
Eclipse incrementally compiles your files on save.
IntelliJ - create a Run configuration (Application), set the Main class to io.vertx.core.Launcher. In
the Program arguments write: run your-verticle-fully-qualified-name --redeploy=**/*.class
--launcher-class=io.vertx.core.Launcher. To trigger the redeployment, you need to make the project or
the module explicitly (Build menu → Make project).
To debug your application, create your run configuration as a remote application and configure the debugger
using --java-opts. However, don’t forget to re-plug the debugger after every redeployment as a new process is
created every time.
You can also hook your build process in the redeploy cycle:
java -jar target/my-fat-jar.jar --redeploy="**/*.java" --on-redeploy="mvn package"
java -jar build/libs/my-fat-jar.jar --redeploy="src/**/*.java" --on-redeploy='./gradlew shadowJar'The "on-redeploy" option specifies a command invoked after the shutdown of the application and before the
restart. So you can hook your build tool if it updates some runtime artifacts. For instance, you can launch gulp
or grunt to update your resources. Don’t forget that passing parameters to your application requires the
--java-opts param:
java -jar target/my-fat-jar.jar --redeploy="**/*.java" --on-redeploy="mvn package" --java-opts="-Dkey=val"
java -jar build/libs/my-fat-jar.jar --redeploy="src/**/*.java" --on-redeploy='./gradlew shadowJar' --java-opts="-Dkey=val"The redeploy feature also supports the following settings:
redeploy-scan-period : the file system check period (in milliseconds), 250ms by default
redeploy-grace-period : the amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait between 2 re-deployments, 1000ms by default
redeploy-termination-period : the amount of time to wait after having stopped the application (before
launching user command). This is useful on Windows, where the process is not killed immediately. The time is given
in milliseconds. 0 ms by default.
In Vert.x a cluster manager is used for various functions including:
Discovery and group membership of Vert.x nodes in a cluster
Maintaining cluster wide topic subscriber lists (so we know which nodes are interested in which event bus addresses)
Distributed Map support
Distributed Locks
Distributed Counters
Cluster managers do not handle the event bus inter-node transport, this is done directly by Vert.x with TCP connections.
The default cluster manager used in the Vert.x distributions is one that uses Hazelcast but this can be easily replaced by a different implementation as Vert.x cluster managers are pluggable.
A cluster manager must implement the interface ClusterManager. Vert.x locates
cluster managers at run-time by using the Java
Service Loader functionality to locate
instances of ClusterManager on the classpath.
If you are using Vert.x at the command line and you want to use clustering you should make sure the lib directory
of the Vert.x installation contains your cluster manager jar.
If you are using Vert.x from a Maven or Gradle project just add the cluster manager jar as a dependency of your project.
You can also specify cluster managers programmatically if embedding Vert.x using
setClusterManager.
Vert.x logs using it’s in-built logging API. The default implementation uses the JDK (JUL) logging so no extra logging dependencies are needed.
A JUL logging configuration file can be specified in the normal JUL way by providing a system property called:
java.util.logging.config.file with the value being your configuration file. For more information on this and
the structure of a JUL config file please consult the JUL logging documentation.
Vert.x also provides a slightly more convenient way to specify a configuration file without having to set a system
property. Just provide a JUL config file with the name vertx-default-jul-logging.properties on your classpath (e.g.
inside your fatjar) and Vert.x will use that to configure JUL.
If you don’t want Vert.x to use JUL for it’s own logging you can configure it to use another logging framework, e.g. Log4J or SLF4J.
To do this you should set a system property called vertx.logger-delegate-factory-class-name with the name of a Java
class which implements the interface LogDelegateFactory. We provide pre-built
implementations for Log4J (version 1), Log4J 2 and SLF4J with the class names
io.vertx.core.logging.Log4jLogDelegateFactory, io.vertx.core.logging.Log4j2LogDelegateFactory and
io.vertx.core.logging.SLF4JLogDelegateFactory respectively. If you want to use these implementations you should
also make sure the relevant Log4J or SLF4J jars are on your classpath.
Notice that, the provided delegate for Log4J 1 does not support parameterized message. The delegate for Log4J 2
uses the {} syntax like the SLF4J delegate. JUL delegate uses the {x} syntax.
When configuring logging, you should care about configuring Netty logging as well.
Netty does not rely on external logging configuration (e.g system properties) and instead implements a logging configuration based on the logging libraries visible from the Netty classes:
use SLF4J library if it is visible
otherwise use Log4j if it is visible
otherwise fallback java.util.logging
The logger implementation can be forced to a specific implementation by setting Netty’s internal logger implementation directly
on io.netty.util.internal.logging.InternalLoggerFactory:
// Force logging to Log4j
InternalLoggerFactory.setDefaultFactory(Log4JLoggerFactory.INSTANCE);If, when you start your application, you see the following message:
SLF4J: Failed to load class "org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder". SLF4J: Defaulting to no-operation (NOP) logger implementation SLF4J: See http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#StaticLoggerBinder for further details.
It means that you have SLF4J-API in your classpath but no actual binding. Messages logged with SLF4J will be dropped. You should add a binding to your classpath. Check https://www.slf4j.org/manual.html#swapping to pick a binding and configure it.
Be aware that Netty looks for the SLF4-API jar and uses it by default.
If your logs show a bunch of:
io.vertx.core.net.impl.ConnectionBase SEVERE: java.io.IOException: Connection reset by peer
It means that the client is resetting the HTTP connection instead of closing it. This message also indicates that you may have not consumed the complete payload (the connection was cut before you were able to).
Unresolved directive in index.adoc - include::override/hostname-resolution.adoc[]
Vert.x allows you to run your verticles with high availability (HA) support. In that case, when a vert.x instance running a verticle dies abruptly, the verticle is migrated to another vertx instance. The vert.x instances must be in the same cluster.
When vert.x runs with HA enabled, if a vert.x instance where a verticle runs fails or dies, the verticle is redeployed automatically on another vert.x instance of the cluster. We call this verticle fail-over.
To run vert.x with the HA enabled, just add the -ha flag to the command line:
vertx run my-verticle.js -haNow for HA to work, you need more than one Vert.x instances in the cluster, so let’s say you have another Vert.x instance that you have already started, for example:
vertx run my-other-verticle.js -haIf the Vert.x instance that is running my-verticle.js now dies (you can test this by killing the process
with kill -9), the Vert.x instance that is running my-other-verticle.js will automatic deploy my-verticle
.js so now that Vert.x instance is running both verticles.
|
Note
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the migration is only possible if the second vert.x instance has access to the verticle file (here
my-verticle.js).
|
|
Important
|
Please note that cleanly closing a Vert.x instance will not cause failover to occur, e.g. CTRL-C
or kill -SIGINT
|
You can also start bare Vert.x instances - i.e. instances that are not initially running any verticles, they will also failover for nodes in the cluster. To start a bare instance you simply do:
vertx run -haWhen using the -ha switch you do not need to provide the -cluster switch, as a cluster is assumed if you
want HA.
|
Note
|
depending on your cluster configuration, you may need to customize the cluster manager configuration
(Hazelcast by default), and/or add the cluster-host and cluster-port parameters.
|
When running a Vert.x instance with HA you can also optional specify a HA group. A HA group denotes a
logical group of nodes in the cluster. Only nodes with the same HA group will failover onto one another. If
you don’t specify a HA group the default group __DEFAULT__ is used.
To specify an HA group you use the -hagroup switch when running the verticle, e.g.
vertx run my-verticle.js -ha -hagroup my-groupLet’s look at an example:
In a first terminal:
vertx run my-verticle.js -ha -hagroup g1In a second terminal, let’s run another verticle using the same group:
vertx run my-other-verticle.js -ha -hagroup g1Finally, in a third terminal, launch another verticle using a different group:
vertx run yet-another-verticle.js -ha -hagroup g2If we kill the instance in terminal 1, it will fail over to the instance in terminal 2, not the instance in terminal 3 as that has a different group.
If we kill the instance in terminal 3, it won’t get failed over as there is no other vert.x instance in that group.
The HA implementation also supports quora. A quorum is the minimum number of votes that a distributed transaction has to obtain in order to be allowed to perform an operation in a distributed system.
When starting a Vert.x instance you can instruct it that it requires a quorum before any HA deployments will
be deployed. In this context, a quorum is a minimum number of nodes for a particular group in the cluster.
Typically you chose your quorum size to Q = 1 + N/2 where N is the number of nodes in the group. If there
are less than Q nodes in the cluster the HA deployments will undeploy. They will redeploy again if/when a
quorum is re-attained. By doing this you can prevent against network partitions, a.k.a. split brain.
There is more information on quora here.
To run vert.x instances with a quorum you specify -quorum on the command line, e.g.
In a first terminal:
vertx run my-verticle.js -ha -quorum 3At this point the Vert.x instance will start but not deploy the module (yet) because there is only one node in the cluster, not 3.
In a second terminal:
vertx run my-other-verticle.js -ha -quorum 3At this point the Vert.x instance will start but not deploy the module (yet) because there are only two nodes in the cluster, not 3.
In a third console, you can start another instance of vert.x:
vertx run yet-another-verticle.js -ha -quorum 3Yay! - we have three nodes, that’s a quorum. At this point the modules will automatically deploy on all instances.
If we now close or kill one of the nodes the modules will automatically undeploy on the other nodes, as there is no longer a quorum.
Quora can also be used in conjunction with ha groups. In that case, quora are resolved for each particular group.
Vert.x can run with native transports (when available) on BSD (OSX) and Linux:
Unresolved directive in index.adoc - include::override/configuring-native.adoc[]
You need to add the following dependency in your classpath:
<dependency>
<groupId>io.netty</groupId>
<artifactId>netty-transport-native-epoll</artifactId>
<version>4.1.15.Final</version>
<classifier>linux-x86_64</classifier>
</dependency>Native on Linux gives you extra networking options:
SO_REUSEPORT
TCP_QUICKACK
TCP_CORK
TCP_FASTOPEN
// Available on Linux
vertx.createHttpServer(HttpServerOptions(
tcpFastOpen = fastOpen,
tcpCork = cork,
tcpQuickAck = quickAck,
reusePort = reusePort))You need to add the following dependency in your classpath:
<dependency>
<groupId>io.netty</groupId>
<artifactId>netty-transport-native-kqueue</artifactId>
<version>4.1.15.Final</version>
<classifier>osx-x86_64</classifier>
</dependency>MacOS Sierra and above are supported.
Native on BSD gives you extra networking options:
SO_REUSEPORT
// Available on BSD
vertx.createHttpServer(HttpServerOptions(
reusePort = reusePort))Natives provide domain sockets support for servers:
// Only available on BSD and Linux
vertx.createNetServer().connectHandler({ so ->
// Handle application
}).listen(SocketAddress.domainSocketAddress("/var/tmp/myservice.sock"))or for http:
vertx.createHttpServer().requestHandler({ req ->
// Handle application
}).listen(SocketAddress.domainSocketAddress("/var/tmp/myservice.sock"), { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Bound to socket
} else {
ar.cause().printStackTrace()
}
})As well as clients:
var netClient = vertx.createNetClient()
// Only available on BSD and Linux
var addr = SocketAddress.domainSocketAddress("/var/tmp/myservice.sock")
// Connect to the server
netClient.connect(addr, { ar ->
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Connected
} else {
ar.cause().printStackTrace()
}
})or for http:
var httpClient = vertx.createHttpClient()
// Only available on BSD and Linux
var addr = SocketAddress.domainSocketAddress("/var/tmp/myservice.sock")
// Send request to the server
httpClient.request(HttpMethod.GET, addr, 8080, "localhost", "/", { resp ->
// Process response
}).end()Vert.x is a toolkit, not an opinionated framework where we force you to do things in a certain way. This gives you great power as a developer but with that comes great responsibility.
As with any toolkit, it’s possible to write insecure applications, so you should always be careful when developing your application especially if it’s exposed to the public (e.g. over the internet).
If writing a web application it’s highly recommended that you use Vert.x-Web instead of Vert.x core directly for serving resources and handling file uploads.
Vert.x-Web normalises the path in requests to prevent malicious clients from crafting URLs to access resources outside of the web root.
Similarly for file uploads Vert.x-Web provides functionality for uploading to a known place on disk and does not rely on the filename provided by the client in the upload which could be crafted to upload to a different place on disk.
Vert.x core itself does not provide such checks so it would be up to you as a developer to implement them yourself.
When clustering the event bus between different Vert.x nodes on a network, the traffic is sent un-encrypted across the wire, so do not use this if you have confidential data to send and your Vert.x nodes are not on a trusted network.
Any service can have potentially vulnerabilities whether it’s written using Vert.x or any other toolkit so always follow security best practice, especially if your service is public facing.
For example you should always run them in a DMZ and with an user account that has limited rights in order to limit the extent of damage in case the service was compromised.
Vert.x Core provides an API for parsing command line arguments passed to programs. It’s also able to print help
messages detailing the options available for a command line tool. Even if such features are far from
the Vert.x core topics, this API is used in the Launcher class that you can use in fat-jar
and in the vertx command line tools. In addition, it’s polyglot (can be used from any supported language) and is
used in Vert.x Shell.
Vert.x CLI provides a model to describe your command line interface, but also a parser. This parser supports different types of syntax:
POSIX like options (ie. tar -zxvf foo.tar.gz)
GNU like long options (ie. du --human-readable --max-depth=1)
Java like properties (ie. java -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.net.useSystemProxies=true Foo)
Short options with value attached (ie. gcc -O2 foo.c)
Long options with single hyphen (ie. ant -projecthelp)
Using the CLI api is a 3-steps process:
The definition of the command line interface
The parsing of the user command line
The query / interrogation
Each command line interface must define the set of options and arguments that will be used. It also requires a
name. The CLI API uses the Option and Argument classes to
describe options and arguments:
var cli = CLI.create("copy").setSummary("A command line interface to copy files.").addOption(Option(
longName = "directory",
shortName = "R",
description = "enables directory support",
flag = true)).addArgument(Argument(
index = 0,
description = "The source",
argName = "source")).addArgument(Argument(
index = 1,
description = "The destination",
argName = "target"))As you can see, you can create a new CLI using
CLI.create. The passed string is the name of the CLI. Once created you
can set the summary and description. The summary is intended to be short (one line), while the description can
contain more details. Each option and argument are also added on the CLI object using the
addArgument and
addOption methods.
An Option is a command line parameter identified by a key present in the user command
line. Options must have at least a long name or a short name. Long name are generally used using a -- prefix,
while short names are used with a single -. Options can get a description displayed in the usage (see below).
Options can receive 0, 1 or several values. An option receiving 0 values is a flag, and must be declared using
setFlag. By default, options receive a single value, however, you can
configure the option to receive several values using setMultiValued:
var cli = CLI.create("some-name").setSummary("A command line interface illustrating the options valuation.").addOption(Option(
longName = "flag",
shortName = "f",
flag = true,
description = "a flag")).addOption(Option(
longName = "single",
shortName = "s",
description = "a single-valued option")).addOption(Option(
longName = "multiple",
shortName = "m",
multiValued = true,
description = "a multi-valued option"))Options can be marked as mandatory. A mandatory option not set in the user command line throws an exception during the parsing:
var cli = CLI.create("some-name").addOption(Option(
longName = "mandatory",
required = true,
description = "a mandatory option"))Non-mandatory options can have a default value. This value would be used if the user does not set the option in the command line:
var cli = CLI.create("some-name").addOption(Option(
longName = "optional",
defaultValue = "hello",
description = "an optional option with a default value"))An option can be hidden using the setHidden method. Hidden option are
not listed in the usage, but can still be used in the user command line (for power-users).
If the option value is contrained to a fixed set, you can set the different acceptable choices:
var cli = CLI.create("some-name").addOption(Option(
longName = "color",
defaultValue = "green",
choices = listOf("blue", "red", "green"),
description = "a color"))Options can also be instantiated from their JSON form.
Unlike options, arguments do not have a key and are identified by their index. For example, in
java com.acme.Foo, com.acme.Foo is an argument.
Arguments do not have a name, there are identified using a 0-based index. The first parameter has the
index 0:
var cli = CLI.create("some-name").addArgument(Argument(
index = 0,
description = "the first argument",
argName = "arg1")).addArgument(Argument(
index = 1,
description = "the second argument",
argName = "arg2"))If you don’t set the argument indexes, it computes it automatically by using the declaration order.
var cli = CLI.create("some-name").addArgument(Argument(
description = "the first argument",
argName = "arg1")).addArgument(Argument(
description = "the second argument",
argName = "arg2"))The argName is optional and used in the usage message.
As options, Argument can:
be hidden using setHidden
be mandatory using setRequired
have a default value using setDefaultValue
receive several values using setMultiValued - only the last argument
can be multi-valued.
Arguments can also be instantiated from their JSON form.
Once your CLI instance is configured, you can generate the usage message:
var cli = CLI.create("copy").setSummary("A command line interface to copy files.").addOption(Option(
longName = "directory",
shortName = "R",
description = "enables directory support",
flag = true)).addArgument(Argument(
index = 0,
description = "The source",
argName = "source")).addArgument(Argument(
index = 0,
description = "The destination",
argName = "target"))
var builder = java.lang.StringBuilder()
cli.usage(builder)It generates an usage message like this one:
Usage: copy [-R] source target
A command line interface to copy files.
-R,--directory enables directory supportIf you need to tune the usage message, check the UsageMessageFormatter class.
Once your CLI instance is configured, you can parse the user command line to evaluate
each option and argument:
var commandLine = cli.parse(userCommandLineArguments)The parse method returns a CommandLine
object containing the values. By default, it validates the user command line and checks that each mandatory options
and arguments have been set as well as the number of values received by each option. You can disable the
validation by passing false as second parameter of parse.
This is useful if you want to check an argument or option is present even if the parsed command line is invalid.
You can check whether or not the
CommandLine is valid using isValid.
Once parsed, you can retrieve the values of the options and arguments from the
CommandLine object returned by the parse
method:
var commandLine = cli.parse(userCommandLineArguments)
var opt = commandLine.getOptionValue<Any>("my-option")
var flag = commandLine.isFlagEnabled("my-flag")
var arg0 = commandLine.getArgumentValue<Any>(0)One of your option can have been marked as "help". If a user command line enabled a "help" option, the validation won’t failed, but give you the opportunity to check if the user asks for help:
var cli = CLI.create("test").addOption(Option(
longName = "help",
shortName = "h",
flag = true,
help = true)).addOption(Option(
longName = "mandatory",
required = true))
var line = cli.parse(java.util.Collections.singletonList("-h"))
// The parsing does not fail and let you do:
if (!line.isValid() && line.isAskingForHelp()) {
var builder = java.lang.StringBuilder()
cli.usage(builder)
stream.print(builder.toString())
}The vert.x Launcher is used in fat jar as main class, and by the vertx command line
utility. It executes a set of commands such as run, bare, start…
You can extend the set of command by implementing your own Command (in Java only):
@Name("my-command")
@Summary("A simple hello command.")
public class MyCommand extends DefaultCommand {
private String name;
@Option(longName = "name", required = true)
public void setName(String n) {
this.name = n;
}
@Override
public void run() throws CLIException {
System.out.println("Hello " + name);
}
}You also need an implementation of CommandFactory:
public class HelloCommandFactory extends DefaultCommandFactory<HelloCommand> {
public HelloCommandFactory() {
super(HelloCommand.class);
}
}Then, create the src/main/resources/META-INF/services/io.vertx.core.spi.launcher.CommandFactory and add a line
indicating the fully qualified name of the factory:
io.vertx.core.launcher.example.HelloCommandFactory
Builds the jar containing the command. Be sure to includes the SPI file
(META-INF/services/io.vertx.core.spi.launcher.CommandFactory).
Then, place the jar containing the command into the classpath of your fat-jar (or include it inside) or in the lib
directory of your vert.x distribution, and you would be able to execute:
vertx hello vert.x
java -jar my-fat-jar.jar hello vert.xTo use the Launcher class in a fat-jar just set the Main-Class of the MANIFEST to
io.vertx.core.Launcher. In addition, set the Main-Verticle MANIFEST entry to the name of your main verticle.
By default, it executed the run command. However, you can configure the default command by setting the
Main-Command MANIFEST entry. The default command is used if the fat jar is launched without a command.
You can also create a sub-class of Launcher to start your application. The class has been
designed to be easily extensible.
A Launcher sub-class can:
customize the vert.x configuration in beforeStartingVertx
retrieve the vert.x instance created by the "run" or "bare" command by
overriding afterStartingVertx
configure the default verticle and command with
getMainVerticle and
getDefaultCommand
add / remove commands using register
and unregister
When you use the Launcher class as main class, it uses the following exit code:
0 if the process ends smoothly, or if an uncaught error is thrown
1 for general purpose error
11 if Vert.x cannot be initialized
12 if a spawn process cannot be started, found or stopped. This error code is used by the start and
stop command
14 if the system configuration is not meeting the system requirement (shc as java not found)
15 if the main verticle cannot be deployed
When Vert.x needs to read a file from the classpath (embedded in a fat jar, in a jar form the classpath or a file that is on the classpath), it copies it to a cache directory. The reason behind this is simple: reading a file from a jar or from an input stream is blocking. So to avoid to pay the price every time, Vert.x copies the file to its cache directory and reads it from there every subsequent read. This behavior can be configured.
First, by default, Vert.x uses $CWD/.vertx as cache directory. It creates a unique directory inside this one to
avoid conflicts. This location can be configured by using the vertx.cacheDirBase system property. For instance
if the current working directory is not writable (such as in an immutable container context), launch your
application with:
vertx run my.Verticle -Dvertx.cacheDirBase=/tmp/vertx-cache
# or
java -jar my-fat.jar vertx.cacheDirBase=/tmp/vertx-cache|
Important
|
the directory must be writable. |
When you are editing resources such as HTML, CSS or JavaScript, this cache mechanism can be annoying as it serves
only the first version of the file (and so you won’t see your edits if you reload your page). To avoid this
behavior, launch your application with -Dvertx.disableFileCaching=true. With this setting, Vert.x still uses
the cache, but always refresh the version stored in the cache with the original source. So if you edit a file
served from the classpath and refresh your browser, Vert.x reads it from the classpath, copies it to the cache
directory and serves it from there. Do not use this setting in production, it can kill your performances.
Finally, you can disable completely the cache by using -Dvertx.disableFileCPResolving=true. This setting is not
without consequences. Vert.x would be unable to read any files from the classpath (only from the file system). Be
very careful when using this settings.