Clustering

Infinispan Cluster Manager

This is a cluster manager implementation for Vert.x that uses Infinispan.

This implementation is packaged inside:

<dependency>
 <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
 <artifactId>vertx-infinispan</artifactId>
 <version>4.5.11</version>
</dependency>

In Vert.x a cluster manager is used for various functions including:

Discovery and group membership of Vert.x nodes in a cluster
Maintaining cluster wide topic subscriber lists (so we know which nodes are interested in which event bus addresses)
Distributed Map support
Distributed Locks
Distributed Counters

Cluster managers do not handle the event bus inter-node transport, this is done directly by Vert.x with TCP connections.

Using this cluster manager

If you are using Vert.x from the command line, the jar corresponding to this cluster manager (it will be named vertx-infinispan-4.5.11.jar should be in the lib directory of the Vert.x installation.

If you want clustering with this cluster manager in your Vert.x Maven or Gradle project then just add a dependency to the artifact: io.vertx:vertx-infinispan:4.5.11 in your project.

If the jar is on your classpath as above then Vert.x will automatically detect this and use it as the cluster manager. Please make sure you don’t have any other cluster managers on your classpath or Vert.x might choose the wrong one.

You can also specify the cluster manager programmatically if you are embedding Vert.x by specifying it on the options when you are creating your Vert.x instance, for example:

ClusterManager mgr = new InfinispanClusterManager();

Vertx.builder()
  .withClusterManager(mgr)
  .buildClustered().onComplete(res -> {
  if (res.succeeded()) {
    Vertx vertx = res.result();
  } else {
    // failed!
  }
});

Configuring this cluster manager

The default cluster manager configuration can be modified with infinispan.xml and/or jgroups.xml files. The former configures the data grid, the latter group management and member discovery.

You can place one or both of them on your classpath. If you want to embed your custom file in a fat jar, it must be located at the root of the fat jar. If it’s an external file, the directory containing the file must be added to the classpath. For example, if you are using the launcher class from Vert.x, the classpath enhancement can be done as follows:

# If infinispan.xml and/or jgroups.xml files are in the current directory:
java -jar my-app.jar -cp . -cluster

# If infinispan.xml and/or jgroups.xml files are in the conf directory:
java -jar my-app.jar -cp conf -cluster

Another way to override the configuration is by providing the file locations via system properties: vertx.infinispan.config and/or vertx.jgroups.config.

# Use a cluster configuration located in an external file
java -Dvertx.infinispan.config=./config/my-infinispan.xml -jar ... -cluster

# Or use a custom configuration from the classpath
java -Dvertx.infinispan.config=my/package/config/my-infinispan.xml -jar ... -cluster

The cluster manager will search for the file in classpath first, and fallback to the filesystem.

The system properties, when present, override any infinispan.xml or jgroups.xml on the classpath.

The xml files are Infinispan and JGroups configuration files and are described in detail in the documentation on the Infinispan and JGroups web-sites.

if a jgroups.xml file is on the classpath or if you set the vertx.jgroups.config system property, it will override any JGroups stack-file path defined in the Infinispan configuration file.

The default JGroups configuration uses multicast for discovery and TCP for group management. Make sure multicast is enabled on your network for this to work.

For full documentation on how to configure the transport differently or use a different transport please consult the Infinispan / JGroups documentations.

Using an existing Infinispan Cache Manager

You can pass an existing DefaultCacheManager in the cluster manager to reuse an existing cache manager:

ClusterManager mgr = new InfinispanClusterManager(cacheManager);

Vertx.builder()
  .withClusterManager(mgr)
  .buildClustered().onComplete(res -> {
  if (res.succeeded()) {
    Vertx vertx = res.result();
  } else {
    // failed!
  }
});

In this case, vert.x is not the cache manager owner and so do not shut it down on close.

Notice that the custom Infinispan instance need to be configured with:

<cache-container default-cache="distributed-cache">
 <distributed-cache name="distributed-cache"/>
 <replicated-cache name="__vertx.subs"/>
 <replicated-cache name="__vertx.haInfo"/>
 <replicated-cache name="__vertx.nodeInfo"/>
 <distributed-cache-configuration name="__vertx.distributed.cache.configuration"/>
</cache-container>

Packaging an executable uber JAR

Infinispan uses Java’s ServiceLoader mechanism to discover implementations of a few classes at runtime. You must configure your build tool to merge service descriptors files when creating an executable uber JAR (also known as "fat" JAR).

If you use Maven and the Maven Shade Plugin, the plugin configuration should look like:

<configuration>
 <transformers>
   <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ServicesResourceTransformer"/>
   <!-- ... -->
 </transformers>
 <!-- ... -->
</configuration>

If you use Gradle and the Gradle Shadow Plugin:

shadowJar {
 mergeServiceFiles()
}

Besides, Infinispan relies on Multi-Release JAR Files to allow multiple, Java-release-specific versions of some classes. Consequently, the executable uber JAR’s manifest file must contain the following entry:

Multi-Release: true

Configuring for Kubernetes

On Kubernetes, JGroups can be configured to use either the Kubernetes API (KUBE_PING) or DNS (DNS_PING) for discovery. In this document, we will use DNS discovery.

First, force usage of IPv4 in the JVM with a system property.

-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true

Then, set the vertx.jgroups.config system property to default-configs/default-jgroups-kubernetes.xml. This JGroups stack file is located in the infinispan-core JAR and preconfigured for Kubernetes.

-Dvertx.jgroups.config=default-configs/default-jgroups-kubernetes.xml

Also, set the JGroups DNS query to find members.

-Djgroups.dns.query=MY-SERVICE-DNS-NAME

The MY-SERVICE-DNS-NAME value must be a headless Kubernetes service name that will be used by JGroups to identify all cluster members. A headless service can be created with:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
 name: clustered-app
spec:
 selector:
   cluster: clustered-app (2)
 ports:
   - name: jgroups
     port: 7800 (1)
     protocol: TCP
 publishNotReadyAddresses: true (3)
 clusterIP: None

1	JGroups TCP port
2	Cluster members selected by the `cluster=clustered-app` label
3	Set to true so that members can be discovered without interfering with your readiness probe logic

Eventually, apply the cluster=clustered-app label to all deployments that should be part of the cluster:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
spec:
 template:
   metadata:
     labels:
       cluster: clustered-app

Rolling updates

During rolling udpates, the Infinispan team recommends to replace pods one by one.

To do so, we must configure Kubernetes to:

never start more than one new pod at once
forbid more than one unavailable pod during the process

spec:
 strategy:
   type: Rolling
   rollingParams:
     updatePeriodSeconds: 10
     intervalSeconds: 20
     timeoutSeconds: 600
     maxUnavailable: 1 (1)
     maxSurge: 1 (2)

1	the maximum number of pods that can be unavailable during the update process
2	the maximum number of pods that can be created over the desired number of pods

Also, pod readiness probe must take cluster health into account. Please refer to the cluster administration section for details on how to implement a readiness probe with Vert.x Health Checks.

Configuring for Docker Compose

Make sure to start the Java Virtual Machines with those system properties:

-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true -Djgroups.bind.address=NON_LOOPBACK

This will make JGroups pick the interface of the virtual private network created by Docker.

Trouble shooting clustering

If the default multicast discovery configuration is not working here are some common causes:

Multicast not enabled on the machine.

It is quite common in particular on OSX machines for multicast to be disabled by default. Please google for information on how to enable this.

Using wrong network interface

If you have more than one network interface on your machine (and this can also be the case if you are running VPN software on your machine), then JGroups may be using the wrong one.

To tell JGroups to use a specific interface you can provide the IP address of the interface in the bind_addr element of the configuration. For example:

<TCP bind_addr="192.168.1.20"
    ...
    />
<MPING bind_addr="192.168.1.20"
    ...
    />

Alternatively, if you want to stick with the bundled jgroups.xml file, you can set the jgroups.bind.address system property:

-Djgroups.bind.address=192.168.1.20

When running Vert.x is in clustered mode, you should also make sure that Vert.x knows about the correct interface. When running at the command line this is done by specifying the cluster-host option:

vertx run myverticle.js -cluster -cluster-host your-ip-address

Where your-ip-address is the same IP address you specified in the JGroups configuration.

If using Vert.x programmatically you can specify this using setHost.

Using a VPN

This is a variation of the above case. VPN software often works by creating a virtual network interface which often doesn’t support multicast. If you have a VPN running and you do not specify the correct interface to use in both the JGroups configuration and to Vert.x then the VPN interface may be chosen instead of the correct interface.

So, if you have a VPN running you may have to configure both JGroups and Vert.x to use the correct interface as described in the previous section.

When multicast is not available

In some cases you may not be able to use multicast discovery as it might not be available in your environment. In that case you should configure another protocol, e.g. TCPPING to use TCP sockets, or S3_PING when running on Amazon EC2.

For more information on available JGroups discovery protocols and how to configure them please consult the JGroups documentation.

Problems with IPv6

If you have troubles configuring an IPv6 host, force the use of IPv4 with the java.net.preferIPv4Stack system property.

-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true

Enabling logging

When trouble-shooting clustering issues with it’s often useful to get some logging output from Infinispan and JGroups to see if it’s forming a cluster properly. You can do this (when using the default JUL logging) by adding a file called vertx-default-jul-logging.properties on your classpath. This is a standard java.util.logging (JUL) configuration file. Inside it set:

org.infinispan.level=INFO
org.jgroups.level=INFO

and also

java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.level=INFO
java.util.logging.FileHandler.level=INFO

Infinispan logging

Infinispan relies on JBoss logging. JBoss Logging is a logging bridge providing integration with numerous logging frameworks.

Add the logging JARs of you choice to the classpath and JBoss Logging will pick them up automatically.

If you have multiple logging backends on your classpath, you can force selection with the org.jboss.logging.provider system property. For exeample:

-Dorg.jboss.logging.provider=log4j2

See this JBoss Logging guide for more details.

JGroups logging

JGroups uses JDK logging by default. log4j and log4j2 are supported if the corresponding JARs are found on the classpath.

Please refer to the JGroups logging documentation if you need more details or want to implement your own logging backend implementation.

SharedData extensions

AsyncMap content streams

The InfinispanAsyncMap API allows to retrieve keys, values and entries as streams. This can be useful if you need to go through the content of a large map for bulk processing.

InfinispanAsyncMap<K, V> infinispanAsyncMap = InfinispanAsyncMap.unwrap(asyncMap);
ReadStream<K> keyStream = infinispanAsyncMap.keyStream();
ReadStream<V> valueStream = infinispanAsyncMap.valueStream();
ReadStream<Map.Entry<K, V>> entryReadStream = infinispanAsyncMap.entryStream();

Cluster administration

The Infinispan cluster manager works by turning Vert.x nodes into members of an Infinispan cluster. As a consequence, Vert.x cluster manager administration should follow the Infinispan management guidelines.

First, let’s take a step back and introduce rebalancing and split-brain syndrome.

Rebalancing

Each Vert.x node holds pieces of the clustering data: eventbus subscriptions, async map entries, clustered counters… etc.

When a member joins or leaves the cluster, Infinispan rebalances cache entries on the new set of members. In other words, it moves data around to accomodate the new cluster topology. This process may take some time, depending on the amount of clustered data and number of nodes.

Split-brain syndrome

In a perfect world, there would be no network equipment failures. Reality is, though, that sooner or later your cluster will be divided into smaller groups, unable to see each others.

Infinispan is capable of merging the nodes back into a single cluster. But just as with rebalancing, this process may take some time. Before the cluster is fully functional again, some eventbus consumers might not be able to get messages. Or high-availability may not be able to redeploy a failing verticle.

It is difficult (if possible at all) to make a difference between a network partition and:

long GC pauses (leading to missed pings),
many nodes being killed forcefully, at-once, because you are deploying a new version of your application

Recommendations

Considering the common clustering issues discussed above, it is recommended to stick to the following good practices.

Graceful shutdown

Avoid stopping members forcefully (e.g, kill -9 a node).

Of course process crashes are inevitable, but a graceful shutdown helps to get the remaining nodes in a stable state faster.

One node after the other

When rolling a new version of your app, scaling-up or down your cluster, add or remove nodes one after the other.

Stopping nodes one by one prevents the cluster from thinking a network partition occured. Adding them one by one allows for clean, incremental rebalancing operations.

The cluster healthiness can be verified with Vert.x Health Checks:

Handler<Promise<Status>> procedure = ClusterHealthCheck.createProcedure(vertx, true);
HealthChecks checks = HealthChecks.create(vertx).register("cluster-health", procedure);

After creation, the health check can be exposed over HTTP with a Vert.x Web router handler:

Router router = Router.router(vertx);
router.get("/readiness").handler(HealthCheckHandler.createWithHealthChecks(checks));

Using a different Infinispan version

Switching the version to Infinispan 14 or Infinispan 14 Jakarta requires Java 11.

Switch to Infinispan 14

In order to use Infinispan 14 you need to upgrade all Infinispan related packages.

Maven:

 <dependencyManagement>
   <dependencies>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
       <artifactId>infinispan-bom</artifactId>
       <version>14.0.14.Final</version>
       <type>pom</type>
       <scope>import</scope>
     </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 </dependencyManagement>

Gradle:

configurations.all {
   resolutionStrategy.eachDependency { details ->
       if (details.requested.group == 'org.infinispan') {
           details.useVersion '14.0.14.Final'
       }
   }
}

Switch to Infinispan 14 Jakarta

In order to use Infinispan 14 you need to upgrade all Infinispan related packages and replace some jakarta specific artifacts.

Maven:

 <dependencyManagement>
   <dependencies>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
       <artifactId>infinispan-bom</artifactId>
       <version>14.0.14.Final</version>
       <type>pom</type>
       <scope>import</scope>
     </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 </dependencyManagement>

 <dependencies>
   <dependency>
     <groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
     <artifactId>infinispan-core-jakarta</artifactId>
   </dependency>
   <dependency>
     <groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
     <artifactId>infinispan-multimap-jakarta</artifactId>
   </dependency>
   <dependency>
     <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
     <artifactId>vertx-infinispan</artifactId>
     <exclusions>
       <exclusion>
         <groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
         <artifactId>infinispan-core</artifactId>
       </exclusion>
       <exclusion>
         <groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
         <artifactId>infinispan-multimap</artifactId>
       </exclusion>
       <exclusion>
         <groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
         <artifactId>infinispan-commons</artifactId>
       </exclusion>
     </exclusions>
   </dependency>
 </dependencies>

Gradle:

configurations.all {
   resolutionStrategy.eachDependency { details ->
       if (details.requested.group == 'org.infinispan') {
           details.useVersion '14.0.14.Final'
       }
   }
}

dependencies {
   implementation (group: 'io.vertx', name: 'vertx-infinispan', version: '4.5.11') {
       exclude group: 'org.infinispan', module: 'infinispan-core'
       exclude group: 'org.infinispan', module: 'infinispan-commons'
       exclude group: 'org.infinispan', module: 'infinispan-multimap'
   }

   implementation group: 'org.infinispan', name: 'infinispan-multimap-jakarta', version: '14.0.14.Final'
   implementation group: 'org.infinispan', name: 'infinispan-core-jakarta', version: '14.0.14.Final'
}

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